[More science in psychiatry]. / Meer wetenschap in de psychiatrie.

In 1999 the Advisory Council on Health Research reported that research in mental health care in the Netherlands was poorly developed in comparison to other medical disciplines. In response, The Netherlands organization for health research and development (ZonMw) initiated a euro 24 million stimulation programme over a 10-year period, which started in 2003. Long-term follow-up studies were initiated for anxiety and depressive disorders (NESDA), psychotic disorders (GROUP) and child psychiatric disorders (TRAILS, Generation R). In addition, 41 practice-oriented projects and 35 PhD projects were funded. The programme has resulted in four unique databases, a multitude of additional grants and a large number of international publications and PhD theses. Perhaps more importantly, many clinical practitioners had the opportunity to participate in research projects and to develop a more critical and evidence-based attitude. The programme demonstrates that financial stimulation can effectively improve the practitioner's evidence-based attitude.

The denial of cancer interview: development and first assessment of psychometric properties in lung cancer patients.

OBJECTIVE: Based on Weissman and Hackett's comprehensive definition of denial, a semi-structured interview was developed to measure denial in cancer patients. The denial in cancer interview (DCI) covers both the patients' recount of their illness experience and the expert's impression of the level of denial in the patient story. This paper describes the development and first psychometric analyses of the instrument. METHOD: The development of the DCI was based on clinical observation, the expert opinion of eight specialised psychiatrist as well as three small pilot studies to assess feasibility. The DCI is composed of two parts: a semi-structured interview consisting of nine specific items to be answered by the patient and two items covering the interviewer's clinical impression of the patient's type and level of denial. Follow-up interviews were held at 8, 16 and 32 weeks after the baseline assessment (T2-4). To measure the inter-rater reliability, interviews were recorded and rated independently by one interviewer and one of the study's co-workers. RESULTS: One hundred and ninety-five consecutive newly diagnosed lung cancer patients were interviewed. The internal consistency of the DCI (Cronbach's alpha) was 0.84 at first interview and 0.85, 0.82 and 0.83 at T2-4, respectively. The inter-rater agreement was good for the DCI overall and the patient's assessment scale, and satisfactory for the clinical impression items. Content validity was supported by clinical observation, in depth open interviewing and expert opinion. CONCLUSION: The DCI proved to be a feasible and reliable instrument for measuring denial in lung cancer patients. Further testing in other oncology settings will provide insight in wider applicability. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The DCI can be used in future studies concerning denial in cancer patients. Insight in denial and its background will help us to adequately address denial in patients and communicate with them.

Alexithymia does not predict the persistence of medically unexplained physical symptoms.

BACKGROUND: Alexithymia is thought to be associated with the development of medically unexplained physical symptoms (UPS). So far little research has been published on alexithymia as a risk factor for the persistence of UPS. OBJECTIVE: To determine the clinical outcome in UPS patients and to study the relative importance of alexithymia in predicting that outcome. METHODS: A follow-up study was conducted among general medical outpatients with UPS. Patients underwent extensive examinations at baseline and were reassessed after a mean 61-week interval. Outcome of the UPS and general health perception at follow-up were used as major outcome variables. RESULTS: Outcome of the UPS and general health perception at follow-up were not strongly associated with each other. More than half (63%) of the patients reported improvement of their initial symptoms, but only 38% of the patients considered themselves at follow-up to be in good health. UPS outcome was predominantly predicted by the duration of the UPS and the number of additional physical symptoms at baseline. General health perception at follow-up was predominantly predicted by the general health perception at baseline and the number of additional physical symptoms and pain experience at baseline. The explained variance of the general health perception was three times as high as the explained variance for the UPS outcome. Alexithymia was not associated with any of the two outcome variables. CONCLUSIONS: Outcome of the UPS and general health perception at follow-up are not strongly associated and are predicted by different variables. Alexithymia, however, is not an important predictor for the outcome in the majority of UPS patients.

Childhood adversities as risk factors for alexithymia and other aspects of affect dysregulation in adulthood.

BACKGROUND: Affect regulation is assumed to be a biologically based function that can become disrupted by inadequate parenting and by traumatic experiences. We studied the relation between the perceived parental parenting style, and sexual and physical abuse, with alexithymia, dissociation, anxiety and depression. METHODS: In a cross-sectional study psychiatric outpatients were administered a structured interview on childhood physical and sexual abuse and they completed a number of questionnaires about the parenting styles of their parents, and about alexithymia, dissociation and mood pathology. RESULTS: Maternal and paternal parenting styles were moderately correlated with alexithymia and depression. The paternal parenting style was also correlated with dissociation. Optimal parenting of one of the parents had a buffering effect on the degree of alexithymia, but not on the severity of other forms of affect dysregulation. The effect of sexual or physical abuse did not add to that of parental parenting style in terms of predicting affect dysregulation. However, a positively perceived maternal parenting style was found to have a buffering effect in terms of the degree of alexithymia, if sexual abuse had also taken place. CONCLUSIONS: Perceived parenting does appear to be of some significance in the development of alexithymia. Optimal parenting of one of the parents may protect against the development of alexithymia when the parenting of the other parent is perceived as non-optimal. However, it is likely that other factors besides parental care and sexual or physical abuse play an important role in the development of an adequate affect regulation.

Autogenic training and cognitive self-hypnosis for the treatment of recurrent headaches in three different subject groups.

The aims of this study were to (a) investigate the efficacy of autogenic training (AT) and cognitive self-hypnosis training (CSH) for the treatment of chronic headaches in comparison with a waiting-list control (WLC) condition, (b) investigate the influence of subject recruitment on treatment outcome and (c) explore whether the level of hypnotizability is related to therapy outcome. Three different subjects groups (group 1, patients (n = 58) who were referred by a neurological outpatient clinic; group 2, members (n = 48) of the community who responded to an advertisement in a newspaper; and group 3, students (n = 40) who responded to an advertisement in a university newspaper) were allocated at random to a therapy or WLC condition. During treatment, there was a significant reduction in the Headache Index scores of the subjects in contrast with the controls. At post-treatment and follow-up almost no significant differences were observed between the 2 treatment conditions or the 3 referral sources regarding the Headache Index, psychological distress (SCL-90) scores and medication use. Follow-up measurements indicated that therapeutic improvement was maintained. In both treatment conditions, the high-hypnotizable subjects achieved a greater reduction in headache pain at post-treatment and follow-up than did the low-hypnotizable subjects. It is concluded that a relatively simple and highly structured relaxation technique for the treatment of chronic headache subjects may be preferable to more complex cognitive hypnotherapeutic procedures, irrespective of the source of recruitment. The level of hypnotic susceptibility seems to be a subject characteristic which is associated with a more favourable outcome in subjects treated with AT or CSH.