Patterns of co-morbidity of eating disorders and substance use in Swedish females.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the association of eating disorder subtypes across multiple categories of substance use in population-based samples. We examined the association between eating disorders and substance use in a large population-based sample. METHOD: Female participants (n=13 297) were from the Swedish Twin Registry [Lichtenstein et al., Twin Research and Human Genetics (2006) 9, 875-882]. Substance use was examined in four defined groups - (1) anorexia nervosa (AN); (2) bulimia nervosa (BN); (3) AN and BN (ANBN); and (4) binge eating disorder (BED) as well as a referent group without eating disorder (no ED). Secondary analyses examined differences between restricting AN (RAN) and binge and/or purge AN (ANBP). RESULTS: In general, eating disorders were associated with greater substance use relative to the referent. The AN group had significantly increased odds for all illicit drugs. Significant differences emerged across the RAN and ANBP groups for alcohol abuse/dependence, diet pills, stimulants, and polysubstance use with greater use in the ANBP group. Across eating disorder groups, (1) the BN and ANBN groups were more likely to report alcohol abuse/dependence relative to the AN group, (2) the ANBN group was more likely to report diet pill use relative to the AN, BN and BED groups, and (3) the BN group was more likely to report diet pill use relative to the no ED, AN and BED groups. CONCLUSIONS: Eating disorders are associated with a range of substance use behaviors. Improved understanding of how they mutually influence risk could enhance understanding of etiology and prevention.

Ecology and climate: research strategies and implications.

Natural and anthropogenic global changes are associated with substantial ecological disturbances. Multiscale interconnections among disciplines studying the biotic and abiotic effects of such disturbances are needed. Three research paradigms traditionally have been used and are reviewed here: scale-up, scale-down, and scale-up with embedded scale-down components. None of these approaches by themselves can provide the most reliable ecological assessments. A fourth research paradigm, called strategic cyclical scaling (SCS), is relatively more effective. SCS involves continuous cycling between large- and small-scale studies, thereby offering improved understanding of the behavior of complex environmental systems and allowing more reliable forecast capabilities for analyzing the ecological consequences of global changes.

Level anchorage system treatment of Class III malocclusions.

Very few definitive clinical papers have been written on exactly how to treat a Class III malocclusion. This article describes the rationale and the step-by-step procedure for the successful orthodontic treatment of Class III malocclusions.

The level anchorage system for correction of orthodontic malocclusions.

A new method of treating orthodontic malocclusion has evolved over 27 years of clinical effort to formulate anchorage requirements, treatment timing sequences, and treatment control. I have used a punch-card system to evaluate approximately 80 percent of my posttreatment results. Data from 20 patients were selected for presentation. The subjects all responded well with excellent posttreatment occlusion. Preorthodontic treatment goals such as cephalometric values, arch form, and function were achieved to my satisfaction. Average treatment time was longer than that estimated by only 6.5 percent. The subjects represent a wide variety of orthodontic problems with extraction and nonextraction choices and provide corroboration for the proposed efficiency of this method.