Nahua biocultural richness: an ethnoherpetological perspective.

BACKGROUND: Mexico harbours one of the greatest biocultural diversities of the world, where multiple social and natural elements and systems form complex networks of interactions in which both culture and nature are mutually influenced. Biocultural states and processes are studied by ethnosciences, among them ethnoherpetology, which seeks understanding material and non-material expressions of the interactions between humans, amphibians, and reptiles. Herpetofauna has been part of the magic-religious world and source of goods for Mesoamerican cultures. This study aims to document and analyse the complex body of knowledge, beliefs, and practices on these vertebrates in the Nahua culture, the factors that have influenced progressive risk and loss of culture, habitat, and species, and the potential contribution of contemporary Nahua knowledge to biocultural conservation. METHODS: Through 15 workshops with children and young people, and 16 semi-structured interviews to people 27 to 74 years old, we documented the contemporary Nahua knowledge in the communities of Aticpac and Xaltepec in the Sierra Negra, Puebla, central Mexico. Biological and ecological knowledge, use, management practices, legends, and perceptions on herpetofauna were emphasised in the study. RESULTS: We obtained an ethnoherpetological checklist, grouping species into four general classificatory categories: kohuatl (serpents), kalatl (frogs and toads), ayotsi (turtles), and ketzo (lizards and salamanders), which included 21, 10, 1, and 11 ethnocategories respectively, based on the local Nahua knowledge of herpetofauna. Serpents, used as medicine, are the most culturally relevant. Due to perceptions of danger, beliefs, and actual snake bites, the main interaction with serpents is their elimination; however, some snakes are tolerated and maintained in captivity. The remaining species of local herpetofauna recorded are tolerated. Cultural aspects of reptiles and amphibians in the Nahua worldview were documented to influence the regulation of interactions of people with these vertebrates, but for younger generations, such aspects are less frequent or absent. CONCLUSIONS: Interactions and cultural relationships between the Nahua people, amphibians and reptiles are complex, maintaining some aspects of the local worldview but also influenced by external factors and being constantly recreated and re-signified. Documenting and understanding the contemporary relations is essential to generate strategies in biocultural conservation of herpetofauna.

Benzyl-2-Acetamido-2-Deoxy-α-d-Galactopyranoside Increases Human Immunodeficiency Virus Replication and Viral Outgrowth Efficacy In Vitro.

Glycosylation of host and viral proteins is an important posttranslational modification needed to ensure correct function of glycoproteins. For this reason, we asked whether inhibition of O-glycosylation during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in vitro replication could affect HIV infectivity and replication rates. We used benzyl-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-α-d-galactopyranoside (BAGN), a compound that has been widely used to inhibit O-glycosylation in several cell lines. Pretreatment and culture of PHA-blast target cells with BAGN increased the percentage of HIV-infected cells (7.6-fold, p = 0.0115), the per-cell amount of HIV p24 protein (1.3-fold, p = 0.2475), and the viral particles in culture supernatants (7.1-fold, p = 0.0029) compared to BAGN-free cultures. Initiating infection with virus previously grown in the presence of BAGN further increased percentage of infected cells (30-fold, p < 0.0001), intracellular p24 (1.5-fold, p = 0.0433), and secreted viral particles (74-fold, p < 0.0001). BAGN-treated target cells showed less CD25 and CCR5 expression, but increased HLA-DR surface expression, which positively correlated with the number of infected cells. Importantly, BAGN improved viral outgrowth kinetics in 66% of the samples tested, including samples from HIV controllers and subjects in whom no virus could be expanded in the absence of BAGN. Sequencing of the isolated virus indicated no skewing of viral quasi-species populations when compared to BAGN-free culture conditions. BAGN also increased virus production in the ACH2 latency model when used together with latency-reversing agents. Taken together, our results identify BAGN treatment as a simple strategy to improve viral outgrowth in vitro and may provide novel insights into host restriction mechanisms and O-glycosylation-related therapeutic targets for HIV control strategies.

Safety and immunogenicity of a modified vaccinia Ankara-based HIV-1 vaccine (MVA-B) in HIV-1-infected patients alone or in combination with a drug to reactivate latent HIV-1.

OBJECTIVES: The safety, immunogenicity, impact on the latent reservoir and rebound of viral load after therapeutic HIV-1 vaccination with recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara-based (MVA-B) HIV-1 vaccine expressing monomeric gp120 and the fused Gag-Pol-Nef polyprotein of clade B with or without a drug to reactivate latent HIV-1 (disulfiram) were assessed. METHODS: HIV-1-infected patients were randomized to receive three injections of MVA-B (n = 20) or placebo (n = 10). Twelve patients (eight who received vaccine and four who were given placebo) received a fourth dose of MVA-B followed by 3 months of disulfiram. Combined ART (cART) was discontinued 8 weeks after the last dose of MVA-B. Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT01571466. RESULTS: MVA-B was safe and well tolerated. A minor, but significant, increase in the T cell responses targeting vaccine inserts of Gag was observed [a median of 290, 403 and 435 spot-forming-cells/10(6) PBMCs at baseline, after two vaccinations and after three vaccinations, respectively; P = 0.02 and P = 0.04]. After interruption of cART, a modest delay in the rebound of the plasma viral load in participants receiving vaccine but not disulfiram was observed compared with placebo recipients (P = 0.01). The dynamics of the viral load rebound did not change in patients receiving MVA-B/disulfiram. No changes in the proviral reservoir were observed after disulfiram treatment. CONCLUSIONS: MVA-B vaccination was a safe strategy to increase Gag-specific T cell responses in chronically HIV-1-infected individuals, but it did not have a major impact on the latent reservoir or the rebound of plasma viral load after interruption of cART when given alone or in combination with disulfiram.

Biblioteca virtual de pueblos indígenas / ss

Este estudio y trabajo consistió en recoger información aplicando un instrumento para determinar la línea en base de datos en las ciudades de La Paz, Cochabamba, Santa Cruz y Potosí

Implementación del centro de información sobre prevención y atención de desastres / Es

Fortalecer las capacidades nacionales en gestión de información para la prevención y atención de desastres a fin de mejorar la sistematización y el acceso a la información técnica y científica relacionada con este ámbito

Analisis de información biblioteca virtual de pediatria / Es

El documento presenta el siguiente contenido: búsqueda, sistematización, catalogación y análisis bibliográfico de monografías, artículos de revistas, investigaciones, y otros en impresos y documentos digitales sobre Pediatría,prioritariamente boliviano

Resultado de la aplicación de la estrategia, tratamiento acortado estrictamente supervisado para el control de la tuberculosis en servicios de salud por enfermeras capacitadas: ciudad de La Paz, Gestión 2003 / Result of the application of the strategy, shortened treatment strictlysupervised for the control of the tuberculosis in services of health for qualified nurses: city of The Peace, Administration 2003

Introducción. Es aún la primera enfermedad infecionsa como causa de muerte. Asociada con la pobreza y el 95 por ciento de las muertes se producen en países en desarrollo, sin embargo todas las clases sociales están expuestas y todos los paises se ven afectados por esta enfermedad. El tratamiento de la Tuberculosis es la piedra angular de todo programa nacional de lucha antituberculoso. El DOTS prácticamente garantiza la cuaración ya que el personal de salud observa a los pacientes cuando toman los medicamentos y evalúa su proceso. Pregunta de investigción. ¿Cuál es el resultado de la aplicación del tratamiento acortado estrictamente supervisado para el control de la tuberculosis en servicios de salud por enfermeras capacitadas en la estrategia?. Objetivo general. Describir los resultados de la aplicación de la estrategia DOTS por enfermeras capacitadas en los servicios de salud, para la atención del paciente tuberculoso, en la ciudad de La Paz, gestión 2003. Objetivos especificos. 1. Describir los servicios de salud donde se aplica la estrategia DOTS. 2. Determinar los conocimientos habilidades y destrezas de las enfermeras capacitadas en la estrategia DOTS en los servicios de salud. 3 Describir los conocimientos y habilidades actitudes de los pacientes tuberculosos controlados en los servicios de salud con la estrategia DOTS. Identificación de variables. Tratamiento estrictamente supervisados realizado por las enfermeras capacitadas en la estrategia DOTS. Resultados de la estrategia Dots. Conocimiento habilidades y destrezas de las enfermeras capacitadas en la estrategia DOTS. Conocimiento, habilidades y actitudes de los pacientes tuberculosos capacitados en la existencia de insumos en los servicios de salud con la estrategia DOTS. Tipo de Investigación, es de tipo descriptivo. Ambito de estudio. Espacio, 23 servicios de salud con personal capacitado en la estrategia DOTS ubicados en la ciudad de La Paz, Tiempo, en la gestión 2003. Persona, 23 enfermeras capacitadas en la estrategia DOTS, 23 pacinetes enfermos de tuberculosis.

Programa de capacitación a auxiliares de enfermería y su influencia sobre la satisfacción de la atención a pacientes tuberculosos en el hospital La Paz (Garita de Lima) / Training program to auxiliary of infirmary and their influence on the satisfaction of the attention to patient tuberculous in the hospital La Paz: Garita de Lima

La tuberculosis es aún la primera enfermedad infecciosa como causa de muerte. Asociada con la pobreza y el 95 por ciento de las muertes se producen en países en desarrollo, sin embargo todas las clases sociales están expuestas y todos los países se ven afectados por esta enfermedad. El aporte contra la pobreza es luchar eficientemente contra la tuberculosis, esto es aún lo que no se ha logrado en Bolivia, esta enfermedad ha sido y continúa siendo un gran problema de salud pública, por ser dentro de las enfermedades transmisibles la endemia de mayor severidad, pese a esta circunstancia, es curable. Las tasas de incidencia de mayor notificación se encuentran en las ciudades de Santa Cruz, Tarija, Beni y La Paz, las ciudades mencionadas presentan altos índices de migración, marginalidad y hacinamiento