Assisted peritoneal dialysis across Europe: Practice variation and factors associated with availability.

BACKGROUND: In Europe, the number of elderly end-stage kidney disease patients is increasing. Few of those patients receive peritoneal dialysis (PD), as many cannot perform PD autonomously. Assisted PD programmes are available in most European countries, but the percentage of patients receiving assisted PD varies considerably. Hence, we assessed which factors are associated with the availability of an assisted PD programme at a centre level and whether the availability of this programme is associated with proportion of home dialysis patients. METHODS: An online survey was sent to healthcare professionals of European nephrology units. After selecting one respondent per centre, the associations were explored by χ2 tests and (ordinal) logistic regression. RESULTS: In total, 609 respondents completed the survey. Subsequently, 288 respondents from individual centres were identified; 58% worked in a centre with an assisted PD programme. Factors associated with availability of an assisted PD programme were Western European and Scandinavian countries (OR: 5.73; 95% CI: 3.07-10.68), non-academic centres (OR: 2.01; 95% CI: 1.09-3.72) and centres with a dedicated team for education (OR: 2.87; 95% CI: 1.35-6.11). Most Eastern & Central European respondents reported that the proportion of incident and prevalent home dialysis patients was <10% (72% and 63%), while 27% of Scandinavian respondents reported a proportion of >30% for both incident and prevalent home dialysis patients. Availability of an assisted PD programme was associated with a higher incidence (cumulative OR: 1.91; 95% CI: 1.21-3.01) and prevalence (cumulative OR: 2.81; 95% CI: 1.76-4.47) of patients on home dialysis. CONCLUSIONS: Assisted PD was more commonly offered among non-academic centres with a dedicated team for education across Europe, especially among Western European and Scandinavian countries where higher incidence and prevalence of home dialysis patients was reported.

Barriers and opportunities to increase PD incidence and prevalence: Lessons from a European Survey.

INTRODUCTION: Peritoneal dialysis (PD) remains underutilised and unplanned start of dialysis further diminishes the likelihood of patients starting on PD, although outcomes are equal to haemodialysis (HD). METHODS: A survey was sent to members of EuroPD and regional societies presenting a case vignette of a 48-year-old woman not previously known to the nephrology department and who arrives at the emergency department with established end-stage kidney disease (unplanned start), asking which dialysis modality would most likely be chosen at their respective centre. We assessed associations between the modality choices for this case vignette and centre characteristics and PD-related practices. RESULTS: Of 575 respondents, 32.8%, 32.2% and 35.0% indicated they would start unplanned PD, unplanned HD or unplanned HD with intention to educate patient on PD later, respectively. Likelihood for unplanned start of PD was only associated with quality of structure of the pre-dialysis program. Structure of pre-dialysis education program, PD program in general, likelihood to provide education on PD to unplanned starters, good collaboration with the PD access team and taking initiatives to enhance home-based therapies increased the likelihood unplanned patients would end up on PD. CONCLUSIONS: Well-structured pre-dialysis education on PD as a modality, good connections to dedicated PD catheter placement teams and additional initiatives to enhance home-based therapies are key to grow PD programs. Centres motivated to grow their PD programs seem to find solutions to do so.

The impact of interventional nephrologists on the growth of a peritoneal dialysis program: Long-term, single-center experience / El impacto de los nefrólogos intervencionistas en el crecimiento de un programa de diálisis peritoneal: la experiencia de un centro único a largo plazo

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an underutilized form of renal replacement therapy. Although a variety of factors have been deemed responsible, timely insertion of a PD catheter may also be a contributory factor. Furthermore, a good catheter implantation technique is important to allow for effective peritoneal access function and long-term technique survival. Studies regarding results obtained by nephrologists in comparison with surgeons have been limited to small single-center experiences. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the impact of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion by nephrologists compared to surgeons on early catheter complications and on technique survival. We also examine whether PD catheter insertion by nephrologists has a positive impact on the growth in the number of patients using PD. We performed 313 consecutive procedures: 192 catheter insertions and 121 catheter removal from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2013. The main reasons for catheter removal were: renal transplantation, 52 (43%) follow of transfer to HD, 48 (40%) and catheter malfunction, 16 (13%). The patients were mostly male (63.4%) with the mean age of 50.8±15.1 years and 23.8 were diabetics. We only observed seven (2.5%) early complications (<4 weeks) associated to peritoneal catheter surgery (3 peritonitis episodes, 2 hemoperitoneum episodes, one complicated hernia and one omental entrapment). There were not significant differences in surgery-related complications in both periods. The penetration ratio of PD after 2006 was 117% higher compared with procedures performing before this date. In conclusions, we have demonstrated a positive impact on the growth of the PD population when catheter insertion is performed by nephrologists with a minimal incidence of complications associated (AU)

La diálisis peritoneal (DP) es un tipo de tratamiento de reemplazo renal infrautilizado. Aunque ello se debe a múltiples factores, la inserción puntual de un catéter de DP también puede ser un factor coadyuvante. Más aún, una buena técnica de implantación del catéter es importante para posibilitar una función de acceso peritoneal eficaz y facilitar la continuidad de la técnica a largo plazo. Los estudios sobre los resultados obtenidos por nefrólogos en comparación con los de los cirujanos se han limitado a pequeñas experiencias de centro único. Por ello, el objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el impacto de la inserción del catéter de diálisis peritoneal (DP) por nefrólogos en comparación con el de los cirujanos cuando surgían las primeras complicaciones con el catéter y en relación con la continuidad de la técnica. También examinamos si la inserción del catéter de DP por nefrólogos tenía un impacto positivo en el aumento del número de pacientes con DP. Llevamos a cabo 313 procedimientos consecutivos: 192 inserciones de catéter y 121 extracciones de catéter entre el 1 de enero de 2006 y el 31 de diciembre de 2013. Las principales razones para la extracción del catéter fueron: trasplante renal, 52 (43%), seguido por transferencia a hemodiálisis (HD), 48 (40%) y funcionamiento defectuoso del catéter, 16 (13%). La mayoría de pacientes era de sexo masculino (63,4%) con una media de edad de 50,8±15,1 años y 23,8 eran diabéticos. Sólo observamos 7 (2,5%) complicaciones tempranas (<4 semanas) asociadas con cirugía de catéter peritoneal (3 episodios de peritonitis, 2 episodios de hemoperitoneo, una hernia complicada y un atrapamiento omental). No hubo diferencias significativas en las complicaciones relacionadas con la cirugía en ambos períodos. La tasa de penetración de la DP desde 2006 fue el 117% superior a la de aquellos procedimientos que se habían llevado a cabo antes de esa fecha. Resumiendo, hemos demostrado que existe un impacto positivo en el aumento de la población con DP cuando los nefrólogos realizan la inserción del catéter con una mínima incidencia de complicaciones asociadas (AU)

The impact of interventional nephrologists on the growth of a peritoneal dialysis program: Long-term, single-center experience.

Peritoneal dialysis (PD) is an underutilized form of renal replacement therapy. Although a variety of factors have been deemed responsible, timely insertion of a PD catheter may also be a contributory factor. Furthermore, a good catheter implantation technique is important to allow for effective peritoneal access function and long-term technique survival. Studies regarding results obtained by nephrologists in comparison with surgeons have been limited to small single-center experiences. Thus, the objective of this study was to explore the impact of the peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter insertion by nephrologists compared to surgeons on early catheter complications and on technique survival. We also examine whether PD catheter insertion by nephrologists has a positive impact on the growth in the number of patients using PD. We performed 313 consecutive procedures: 192 catheter insertions and 121 catheter removal from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2013. The main reasons for catheter removal were: renal transplantation, 52 (43%) follow of transfer to HD, 48 (40%) and catheter malfunction, 16 (13%). The patients were mostly male (63.4%) with the mean age of 50.8±15.1 years and 23.8 were diabetics. We only observed seven (2.5%) early complications (<4 weeks) associated to peritoneal catheter surgery (3 peritonitis episodes, 2 hemoperitoneum episodes, one complicated hernia and one omental entrapment). There were not significant differences in surgery-related complications in both periods. The penetration ratio of PD after 2006 was 117% higher compared with procedures performing before this date. In conclusions, we have demonstrated a positive impact on the growth of the PD population when catheter insertion is performed by nephrologists with a minimal incidence of complications associated.

Efectos renoprotectores a largo plazo de dosis altas de irbesartán en la nefropatía diabética establecida / High doses of irbesartan offer long-term kidney protection in cases of established diabetic nephropathy

Antecedentes: Hipotéticamente, la utilización de dosis altas de antagonistas del receptor AT1 de angiotensina II, al bloquear más el receptor AT1, debería producir mayores beneficios que el uso de de dosis convencionales. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos sobre proteinuria y función renal con dosis ultraaltas de irbesartán en la nefropatía diabética establecida. Material y método: Estudio prospectivo de intervención no controlado ni aleatorizado de 3 años de seguimiento, utilizando un tratamiento multifactorial basado en 600 mg diarios de irbesartán. Se analizan variables demográficas, antropométricas y analíticas al inicio y final del estudio. Se incluyeron 40 pacientes (75% con diabetes tipo 2) con promedio de edad de 57,1 ± 10 años, 29 (72,5%) hombres, con índice de masa corporal (IMC) de 30,7 ± 5 kg/m2. Resultados: La presión arterial sistólica (157,6 ± 27 vs. 130,1 ± 14) y diastólica (88,8 ± 10 vs. 76,2 ± 8 mmHg) se redujeron significativamente (p < 0,001) al final del estudio. El perfil lipídico mejoró significativamente. La kaliemia no se modificó. La creatinina sólo aumentó 0,17 mg/dl, aunque fue significativo (p < 0,05), y el filtrado glomerular estimado se redujo (69,8 ± 29,7 vs. 60,25 ± 23,0 ml/min/m2) (p < 0,05). La proteinuria se redujo de 2,4 ± 1,99 a 0,98 ± 1,18 g/24 h (p < 0,001). La reducción promedio fue 59,2%, y el 25% de los pacientes se hizo normoalbuminúrico. Salvo IMC y hemoglobina glucosilada, todos los objetivos recomendados por la American Diabetes Association se alcanzaron. Ningún paciente abandonó el estudio por efectos secundarios. Conclusión: El tratamiento de la nefropatía diabética establecida con dosis ultraaltas de irbesartán se mostró muy eficaz y seguro en reducir la proteinuria y retardar la progresión hacia la insuficiencia renal crónica terminal (AU)

Background: Hypothetically, the greater the blockade of angiotensin AT1 receptors from ultra-high doses of angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB), the greater the expected renoprotection effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high doses of irbesartan on proteinuria and renal function in diabetics with established or overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN). Material and Method: Ours was a prospective, non-randomised 3-year follow-up study, using a multifactorial therapeutic approach based on irbesartan 600mg daily. Demographic variables, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were comparatively analysed at the beginning and end of the study. Forty patients (75% with type 2 diabetes) were included, average age 57.1±10, 29 male (72.5%). Results: SBP (157.6±27mm Hg vs 130.1±14mm Hg) and DBP (88.8±10mm Hg vs 76.2±8mm Hg) decreased significantly at the end of follow-up (P<.001). Serum creatinine increased by only 0.17mg/dl, although this was a statistically significant difference (P<.05). Proteinuria markedly decreased from 2.64±1.99 to 0.98±1.18 (P<.0001), i.e. 59.2%. Twenty-five percent of patients had normal albuminuria at the end of the follow-up period. Lipid profiles significantly improved. No patients withdrew from the study due to side effects, and serum potassium did not change significantly over the course of the study. Except for BMI and HbA1c, all other therapeutic targets set out by ADA recommendations improved significantly. Conclusions: The treatment of ODN with ultra-high doses of irbesartan was highly effective and safe in reducing proteinuria and slowing the progressive course to ESRD (AU)

High doses of irbesartan offer long-term kidney protection in cases of established diabetic nephropathy.

BACKGROUND: Hypothetically, the greater the blockade of angiotensin AT1 receptors from ultra-high doses of angiotensin receptors blockers (ARB), the greater the expected renoprotection effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of ultra-high doses of irbesartan on proteinuria and renal function in diabetics with established or overt diabetic nephropathy (ODN). MATERIAL AND METHOD: Ours was a prospective, non-randomised 3-year follow-up study, using a multifactorial therapeutic approach based on irbesartan 600mg daily. Demographic variables, anthropometric data, and biochemical parameters were comparatively analysed at the beginning and end of the study. Forty patients (75% with type 2 diabetes) were included, average age 57.1 +/- 10, 29 male (72.5%). RESULTS: SBP (157.6 +/- 27mm Hg vs 130.1 +/- 14mm Hg) and DBP (88.8 +/- 10mm Hg vs 76.2 +/- 8mm Hg) decreased significantly at the end of follow-up (P<.001). Serum creatinine increased by only 0.17mg/dl, although this was a statistically significant difference (P<.05). Proteinuria markedly decreased from 2.64 +/- 1.99 to 0.98 +/- 1.18 (P<.0001), i.e. 59.2%. Twenty-five percent of patients had normal albuminuria at the end of the follow-up period. Lipid profiles significantly improved. No patients withdrew from the study due to side effects, and serum potassium did not change significantly over the course of the study. Except for BMI and HbA1c, all other therapeutic targets set out by ADA recommendations improved significantly. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment of ODN with ultra-high doses of irbesartan was highly effective and safe in reducing proteinuria and slowing the progressive course to ESRD.