Role of RAC3 coactivator in the adipocyte differentiation.

RAC3 is a member of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators and it is highly expressed in several human cancers, contributing to enhanced cell proliferation and cellular transformation. In this work, we have studied the role of RAC3 in adipogenesis in L-929 cells. Adipogenesis is a highly regulated process, involving cell cycle arrest and changes in the gene expression pattern required for morphological remodelling. We found that RAC3 expression levels are downregulated during adipocyte differentiation induced by specific stimulus. In addition, cells constitutively expressing low levels of RAC3 (shRNA), showed enhanced adipocyte differentiation which was evidenced by the early detection of the adipocyte markers Perilipin, PPARγ and Oil Red O staining. Moreover, RAC3 downregulation favoured cell arrest and autophagy. Early and late autophagy inhibitors blocked adipocyte differentiation in control cells, but partially inhibited shRAC3 differentiation, demonstrating that although autophagy is required for adipogenesis, additional signals could be trigged by RAC3 downregulation. We conclude that RAC3 is a key regulator of adipogenesis, since its downregulation generates the cellular arrest and autophagic responses that are required steps for this process.

RAC3 influences the chemoresistance of colon cancer cells through autophagy and apoptosis inhibition.

BACKGROUND: RAC3 coactivator overexpression has been implicated in tumorigenesis, contributing to inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy. Both mechanisms are involved in resistance to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to investigate its role in chemoresistance of colorectal cancer. METHODS: The sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil and oxaliplatin in colon cancer cells HT-29, HCT 116 and Lovo cell lines, expressing high or low natural levels of RAC3, was investigated using viability assays. RESULTS: In HCT 116 cells, we found that although 5-fluorouracil was a poor inducer of apoptosis, autophagy was strongly induced, while oxaliplatin has shown a similar ability to induce both of them. However, in HCT 116 cells expressing a short hairpin RNA for RAC3, we found an increased sensitivity to both drugs if it is compared with control cells. 5-Fluorouracil and oxaliplatin treatment lead to an enhanced caspase 3-dependent apoptosis and produce an increase of autophagy. In addition, both process have shown to be trigged faster than in control cells, starting earlier after stimulation. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that RAC3 expression levels influence the sensitivity to chemotherapeutic drugs. Therefore, the knowledge of RAC3 expression levels in tumoral samples could be an important contribution to design new improved therapeutic strategies in the future.