A Proteomics Approach Identifies RREB1 as a Crucial Molecular Target of Imidazo-Pyrazole Treatment in SKMEL-28 Melanoma Cells.

Cutaneous melanoma is the most dangerous and deadly form of human skin malignancy. Despite its rarity, it accounts for a staggering 80% of deaths attributed to cutaneous cancers overall. Moreover, its final stages often exhibit resistance to drug treatments, resulting in unfavorable outcomes. Hence, ensuring access to novel and improved chemotherapeutic agents is imperative for patients grappling with this severe ailment. Pyrazole and its fused systems derived thereof are heteroaromatic moieties widely employed in medicinal chemistry to develop effective drugs for various therapeutic areas, including inflammation, pain, oxidation, pathogens, depression, and fever. In a previous study, we described the biochemical properties of a newly synthesized group of imidazo-pyrazole compounds. In this paper, to improve our knowledge of the pharmacological properties of these molecules, we conduct a differential proteomic analysis on a human melanoma cell line treated with one of these imidazo-pyrazole derivatives. Our results detail the changes to the SKMEL-28 cell line proteome induced by 24, 48, and 72 h of 3e imidazo-pyrazole treatment. Notably, we highlight the down-regulation of the Ras-responsive element binding protein 1 (RREB1), a member of the zinc finger transcription factors family involved in the tumorigenesis of melanoma. RREB1 is a downstream element of the MAPK pathway, and its activation is mediated by ERK1/2 through phosphorylation.

Investigations of Antioxidant and Anti-Cancer Activities of 5-Aminopyrazole Derivatives.

To further extend the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of 5-aminopyrazoles (5APs) and identify novel compounds able to interfere with inflammation, oxidative stress, and tumorigenesis, 5APs 1-4 have been designed and prepared. Some chemical modifications have been inserted on cathecol function or in aminopyrazole central core; in detail: (i) smaller, bigger, and more lipophilic substituents were introduced in meta and para positions of catechol portion (5APs 1); (ii) a methyl group was inserted on C3 of the pyrazole scaffold (5APs 2); (iii) a more flexible alkyl chain was inserted on N1 position (5APs 3); (iv) the acylhydrazonic linker was moved from position 4 to position 3 of the pyrazole scaffold (5APs 4). All new derivatives 1-4 have been tested for radical scavenging (DPPH assay), anti-aggregating/antioxidant (in human platelets) and cell growth inhibitory activity (MTT assay) properties. In addition, in silico pharmacokinetics, drug-likeness properties, and toxicity have been calculated. 5APs 1 emerged to be promising anti-proliferative agents, able to suppress the growth of specific cancer cell lines. Furthermore, derivatives 3 remarkably inhibited ROS production in platelets and 5APs 4 showed interesting in vitro radical scavenging properties. Overall, the collected results further confirm the pharmaceutical potentials of this class of compounds and support future studies for the development of novel anti-proliferative and antioxidant agents.

Structure-Activity Relationship Studies on Highly Functionalized Pyrazole Hydrazones and Amides as Antiproliferative and Antioxidant Agents.

Aminopyrazoles represent interesting structures in medicinal chemistry, and several derivatives showed biological activity in different therapeutic areas. Previously reported 5-aminopyrazolyl acylhydrazones and amides showed relevant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. To further extend the structure-activity relationships in this class of derivatives, a novel series of pyrazolyl acylhydrazones and amides was designed and prepared through a divergent approach. The novel compounds shared the phenylamino pyrazole nucleus that was differently decorated at positions 1, 3, and 4. The antiproliferative, antiaggregating, and antioxidant properties of the obtained derivatives 10-22 were evaluated in in vitro assays. Derivative 11a showed relevant antitumor properties against selected tumor cell lines (namely, HeLa, MCF7, SKOV3, and SKMEL28) with micromolar IC50 values. In the platelet assay, selected pyrazoles showed higher antioxidant and ROS formation inhibition activity than the reference drugs acetylsalicylic acid and N-acetylcysteine. Furthermore, in vitro radical scavenging screening confirmed the good antioxidant properties of acylhydrazone molecules. Overall, the collected data allowed us to extend the structure-activity relationships of the previously reported compounds and confirmed the pharmaceutical attractiveness of this class of aminopyrazole derivatives.

A Comprehensive Review on the State of the Art of Breast Cancers in Italy.

Breast cancer (BC) currently represents one of the most prevalent cancers among women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer death among women, also negatively affecting the quality of life (QoL) in patients. Over the past two decades, BC research has led to extraordinary advances in our understanding of the disease, resulting in more effective treatments. However, its occurrence is still increasing. Several new treatments are now under development worldwide, but they are not devoid of wellknown side effects, and a great number of patients develop endocrine resistance. Nevertheless, the design and synthesis of more suitable strategies and new drugs to treat breast cancers, overcome resistance and side effects, and obtain better therapeutic outcomes are needed. In this review, we summarize the therapies and the clinical studies currently ongoing in Italy for the treatment of BCs, mainly HER2+ MBC, HER2-low MBC, and TNBC, focusing on the most recent ones, also in consideration of diverse facets, including some aspects related to QoL. Finally, some studies related to the usefulness of physical activity in BC will be cited.

Cyclic diacyl thioureas enhance activity of corrector Lumacaftor on F508del-CFTR.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) protein. In the search of novel series of CFTR modulators, a library of mono and diacyl thioureas were prepared by sequential synthesis. When tested alone, the obtained compounds 5 and 6 poorly affected F508del-CFTR conductance but, in combination with Lumacaftor, selected derivatives showed the ability to increase the activity of the approved modulator. Analogue 6 i displayed the most marked enhancing effect and acylthioureas 6 d and 6 f were also able to improve efficacy of Lumacaftor. All compounds proved to be non-cytotoxic against different cancer cell lines. Good pharmacokinetic properties were predicted for derivatives 5 and 6, thus supporting the value of these compounds for the development of novel modulators potentially useful for cystic fibrosis.

NHC-Ag(I) and NHC-Au(I) Complexes with N-Boc-Protected α-Amino Acidate Counterions Powerfully Affect the Growth of MDA-MB-231 Cells.

N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metal complexes are attracting scientists' interest as an alluring class of metallodrugs. Indeed, the versatile functionalization of NHC ligands makes them optimal scaffolds to be developed in medicinal chemistry. Besides, amino acids are great biological ligands for metals, such as silver and gold, even though their use is still under-investigated. Aiming to shed light on the anticancer properties of this kind of complex, we investigated a series of silver and gold complexes, stabilized by NHC ligands and bearing carboxylate salts of tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)-N-protected glycine and l-phenylalanine as anionic ligands. The most active complexes, AuM1Gly and AuM1Phe, powerfully affect the growth of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with IC50 values in the low nanomolar range. Further studies demonstrated the blockade of the human topoisomerase I activity and actin polymerization reaction at 0.001 µM. These unique features make these complexes very interesting and worthy to be used for future in vivo studies.

In Tandem Intragenic Duplication of Doublesex and Mab-3-Related Transcription Factor 1 (DMRT1) in an SRY-Negative Boy with a 46,XX Disorder of Sex Development.

Disorders of sexual development (DSDs) encompass a group of congenital conditions associated with atypical development of internal and external genital structures. Among those with DSDs are 46,XX males, whose condition mainly arises due to the translocation of SRY onto an X chromosome or an autosome. In the few SRY-negative 46,XX males, overexpression of other pro-testis genes or failure of pro-ovarian/anti-testis genes may be involved, even if a non-negligible number of cases remain unexplained. A three-year-old boy with an SRY-negative 46,XX karyotype showed a normal male phenotype and normal prepubertal values for testicular hormones. A heterozygous de novo in tandem duplication of 50,221 bp, which encompassed exons 2 and 3 of the Doublesex and Mab-3-related transcription factor 1 (DMRT1) gene, was detected using MPLA, CGH-array analysis, and Sanger sequencing. Both breakpoints were in the intronic regions, and this duplication did not stop or shift the coding frame. Additional pathogenic or uncertain variants were not found in a known pro-testis/anti-ovary gene cascade using a custom NGS panel and whole genome sequencing. The duplication may have allowed DMRT1 to escape the transcriptional repression that normally occurs in 46,XX fetal gonads and thus permitted the testicular determination cascade to switch on. So far, no case of SRY-negative 46,XX DSD with alterations in DMRT1 has been described.

Antibiotic-Resistant ESKAPE Pathogens and COVID-19: The Pandemic beyond the Pandemic.

Antibacterial resistance is a renewed public health plague in modern times, and the COVID-19 pandemic has rekindled this problem. Changes in antibiotic prescribing behavior, misinformation, financial hardship, environmental impact, and governance gaps have generally enhanced the misuse and improper access to antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic. These determinants, intersected with antibacterial resistance in the current pandemic, may amplify the potential for a future antibacterial resistance pandemic. The occurrence of infections with multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), difficult-to-treat drug-resistant (DTR), carbapenem-resistant (CR), and pan-drug-resistant (PDR) bacteria is still increasing. The aim of this review is to highlight the state of the art of antibacterial resistance worldwide, focusing on the most important pathogens, namely Enterobacterales, Acinetobacter baumannii, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and their resistance to the most common antibiotics.

Novel 5-aminopyrazoles endowed with anti-angiogenetic properties: Design, synthesis and biological evaluation.

The promising anti-angiogenetic properties of previously synthesized pyrazolyl ureas provided the rationale for the synthesis of novel 5-aminopyrazoles 2-5, differently decorated on the pyrazole nucleus. All the derivatives were tested by MTT assays and proved to be non-cytotoxic against eight different tumor cell lines and normal fibroblasts. An EdU proliferation assay was carried out on human foreskin fibroblasts and VEGF stimulated human umbilical vein endothelial cells which confirmed the absence of cytotoxicity of the compounds on human cells up to 20 µM concentration. To evaluate the influence of the newly synthesized pyrazoles on MAPK and PI3K signaling pathways, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Akt was analyzed by Western blots from HFF and HUVEC cell lysates stimulated with growth factors in the presence or absence of the compounds. Pyrazoles 3b and 3c showed a significant inhibition of Akt phosphorylation in both tested cell lines with lower phosphorylation levels than the reference compound GeGe-3 in HUVEC. Furthermore, derivatives 2 and 3 appeared to strongly affect the migration of HFF cells in a wound healing assay, confirming their potential ability to interfere with the angiogenesis process. The new pyrazole library extends the structure-activity relationships of the previously isolated compounds and highlights the attractiveness of this chemical class for pathological cell migration and angiogenesis.

Novel Thiazolidine-2,4-dione-trimethoxybenzene-thiazole Hybrids as Human Topoisomerases Inhibitors.

Cancer is a complex and heterogeneous disease and is still one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide, mostly as the population ages. Despite the encouraging advances made over the years in chemotherapy, the development of new compounds for cancer treatments is an urgent priority. In recent years, the design and chemical synthesis of several innovative hybrid molecules, which bring different pharmacophores on the same scaffold, have attracted the interest of many researchers. Following this strategy, we designed and synthetized a series of new hybrid compounds that contain three pharmacophores, namely trimethoxybenzene, thiazolidinedione and thiazole, and tested their anticancer properties on two breast cancer (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231) cell lines and one melanoma (A2058) cell line. The most active compounds were particularly effective against the MCF-7 cells and did not affect the viability of the normal MCF-10A cells. Docking simulations indicated the human Topoisomerases I and II (hTopos I and II) as possible targets of these compounds, the inhibitory activity of which was demonstrated by the mean of direct enzymatic assays. Particularly, compound 7e was proved to inhibit both the hTopo I and II, whereas compounds 7c,d blocked only the hTopo II. Finally, compound 7e was responsible for MCF-7 cell death by apoptosis. The reported results are promising for the further design and synthesis of other analogues potentially active as anticancer tools.

Development of 1-(2-aminophenyl)pyrrole-based amides acting as human topoisomerase I inhibitors.

Topoisomerases are ubiquitous enzymes in the human body, particularly involved in cancer development and progression. Topoisomerase I (topoI) performs DNA relaxation reactions by "controlled rotation" rather than by "strand passage." The inhibition of topoI has become a useful strategy to control cancer cell proliferation. Nowadays, different compounds have undergone clinical trials, but the search for new molecular entities is necessary and benefits from medicinal chemistry efforts. Pyrrole-based compounds emerged as promising antiproliferative agents, with particular interest in breast cancer therapy and topoI inhibition. Starting from these observations and based on the scaffold-hopping approach, we developed a small library of 1-(2-aminophenyl)pyrrole-based amides (7a-f) as new anticancer agents. Tested on a panel of cancer cell lines, 7a-f displayed the most interesting profile in MDA-MB-231 cells, where the most active compounds, 7d-f, were able to induce death by apoptosis. Direct enzymatic assays and docking simulations on the topoI active site (PDB: 1A35) revealed the inhibitory activity and potential binding site for the newly developed 1-(2-aminophenyl)pyrrole-based amides.

Insights into the Pharmacological Activity of the Imidazo-Pyrazole Scaffold.

In previous studies, we synthesized different imidazo-pyrazoles 1 and 2 with interesting anticancer, anti-angiogenic and anti-inflammatory activities. To further extend the structure-activity relationships of imidazo-pyrazole scaffold and to identify novel antiproliferative/anti-inflammatory agents potentially active with multi-target mechanisms, a library of compounds 3-5 has been designed and synthesized. The chemical modifications characterizing the novel derivatives include: i) decoration of the catechol ring with groups with different electronic, steric and lipophilic properties (compounds 3); ii) insertion of a methyl group on C-6 of imidazo-pyrazole scaffold (compounds 4); iii) shift of the acylhydrazonic substituent from position 7 to 6 of the imidazo-pyrazole substructure (compounds 5). All synthesized compounds were tested against a panel of cancer and normal cell lines. Derivatives 3 a, 3 e, 4 c, 5 g and 5 h showed IC50 values in the low micromolar range against selected tumor cell lines and proved to have antioxidant properties, being able to inhibit ROS production in human platelet. In silico calculation predicted favourable drug-like and pharmacokinetic properties for the most promising compounds. Furthermore, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulations suggested the ability of most active derivative 3 e to interact with colchicine binding site in the polymeric tubulin α/tubulin ß/stathmin4 complex.

5,8-Dimethyl-9H-carbazole Derivatives Blocking hTopo I Activity and Actin Dynamics.

Over the years, carbazoles have been largely studied for their numerous biological properties, including antibacterial, antimalarial, antioxidant, antidiabetic, neuroprotective, anticancer, and many more. Some of them have gained great interest for their anticancer activity in breast cancer due to their capability in inhibiting essential DNA-dependent enzymes, namely topoisomerases I and II. With this in mind, we studied the anticancer activity of a series of carbazole derivatives against two breast cancer cell lines, namely the triple negative MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. Compounds 3 and 4 were found to be the most active towards the MDA-MB-231 cell line without interfering with the normal counterpart. Using docking simulations, we assessed the ability of these carbazole derivatives to bind human topoisomerases I and II and actin. In vitro specific assays confirmed that the lead compounds selectively inhibited the human topoisomerase I and interfered with the normal organization of the actin system, triggering apoptosis as a final effect. Thus, compounds 3 and 4 are strong candidates for further drug development in multi-targeted therapy for the treatment of triple negative breast cancer, for which safe therapeutic regimens are not yet available.

Mono- and di-acylated imidazolidine-2-thione derivatives: synthesis, cytotoxicity evaluation and computational studies.

Imidazolidine-2-thione substructure represents a pharmaceutically attractive scaffold, being included in different antimicrobial, anticancer and pesticide agents. To further evaluate the pharmaceutical potential of this chemical moiety, imidazolidine-2-thione was reacted with atypical Vilsmeier adducts, obtained by the condensation between dimethylacetamide and various acyl chlorides endowed with different electronic and steric properties. The formation of mono-acylated or di-acylated thiourea derivatives emerged to be affected by the nature of the considered acyl chloride reagent. Computational semi-empirical simulations were carried out to rationalize the relevant factor influencing the outcome of the reaction. As acylthioureas are pharmacologically relevant compounds, the chemical versatility of mono-acylated derivatives were evaluated by reacting benzoyl imidazolidin-2-thione with acyl chlorides. A small library of asymmetric di-acylthioureas was prepared and the obtained derivatives did not show any cytotoxicity on SKOV-3 and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Additionally, in silico studies predicted good pharmacokinetics properties and promising drug-like characteristics for mono- and di-acylated thioureas. These considerations further support the value of the prepared compounds as interesting non-cytotoxic chemical scaffold useful in the medicinal chemistry field.

Fraisinib: a calixpyrrole derivative reducing A549 cell-derived NSCLC tumor in vivo acts as a ligand of the glycine-tRNA synthase, a new molecular target in oncology.

Background and purpose: Lung cancer is the leading cause of death in both men and women, constituting a major public health problem worldwide. Non-small-cell lung cancer accounts for 85%-90% of all lung cancers. We propose a compound that successfully fights tumor growth in vivo by targeting the enzyme GARS1. Experimental approach: We present an in-depth investigation of the mechanism through which Fraisinib [meso-(p-acetamidophenyl)-calix(4)pyrrole] affects the human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line. In a xenografted model of non-small-cell lung cancer, Fraisinib was found to reduce tumor mass volume without affecting the vital parameters or body weight of mice. Through a computational approach, we uncovered that glycyl-tRNA synthetase is its molecular target. Differential proteomics analysis further confirmed that pathways regulated by Fraisinib are consistent with glycyl-tRNA synthetase inhibition. Key results: Fraisinib displays a strong anti-tumoral potential coupled with limited toxicity in mice. Glycyl-tRNA synthetase has been identified and validated as a protein target of this compound. By inhibiting GARS1, Fraisinib modulates different key biological processes involved in tumoral growth, aggressiveness, and invasiveness. Conclusion and implications: The overall results indicate that Fraisinib is a powerful inhibitor of non-small-cell lung cancer growth by exerting its action on the enzyme GARS1 while displaying marginal toxicity in animal models. Together with the proven ability of this compound to cross the blood-brain barrier, we can assess that Fraisinib can kill two birds with one stone: targeting the primary tumor and its metastases "in one shot." Taken together, we suggest that inhibiting GARS1 expression and/or GARS1 enzymatic activity may be innovative molecular targets for cancer treatment.

Metal Complexes with Schiff Bases: Data Collection and Recent Studies on Biological Activities.

Metal complexes play a crucial role in pharmaceutical sciences owing to their wide and significant activities. Schiff bases (SBs) are multifaceted pharmacophores capable of forming chelating complexes with various metals in different oxidation states. Complexes with SBs are extensively studied for their numerous advantages, including low cost and simple synthetic strategies. They have been reported to possess a variety of biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, antioxidant, antimalarial, analgesic, antiviral, antipyretic, and antidiabetic ones. This review summarizes the most recent studies on the antimicrobial and antiproliferative activities of SBs-metal complexes. Moreover, recent studies regarding mononuclear and binuclear complexes with SBs are described, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antimalarial, antileishmanial, anti-Alzheimer, and catecholase activities.

Regioselective Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Antiproliferative Activity of Novel Tetra-Substituted Phenylaminopyrazole Derivatives.

A small library of highly functionalized phenylaminopyrazoles, bearing different substituents at position 1, 3, and 4 of the pyrazole ring, was prepared by the one-pot condensation of active methylene reagents, phenylisothiocyanate, and substituted hydrazine (namely, methyl- and benzyl-hydrazine). The identified reaction conditions proved to be versatile and efficient. Furthermore, the evaluation of alternative stepwise protocols affected the chemo- and regio-selectivity outcome of the one-pot procedure. The chemical identities of two N-methyl pyrazole isomers, selected as prototypes of the whole series, were unambiguously identified by means of NMR and mass spectrometry studies. Additionally, semiempirical calculations provided a structural rationale for the different chromatographic behavior of the two isomers. The prepared tetra-substituted phenylaminopyrazoles were tested in cell-based assays on a panel of cancer and normal cell lines. The tested compounds did not show any cytotoxic effect on the selected cell lines, thus supporting their pharmaceutical potentials.

Exploring the anticancer and antioxidant properties of Vicia faba L. pods extracts, a promising source of nutraceuticals.

Background: Pulse crops are considered the major sources of proteins, dietary fiber, micronutrients, and bioactive phytochemicals. Among the numerous pulse crops, broad beans (Vicia faba L.) have received particular attention due to their nutraceutical, functional and economic importance. Our attention was mainly focused on the broad bean pods (VFs), which are the primary by-product of the domestic and industrial processing of broad beans and an attractive source of valuable ingredients. Methods: In order to investigate the VFs properties, the flours from broad beans of three different harvest periods were extracted with acetone, methanol and 70% aqueous ethanol and the dried extracts were analyzed, qualitatively and quantitatively, and tested for their antioxidant through DPPH and ABTS assay and anticancer activities using the MTT assay and immunofluorescence analysis. Results: The VF extracts demonstrated a good in vitro radical scavenging activity from the first stage of collection of all the V. faba L. extracts. Additionally, the extracts were tested for their cytotoxicity against a panel of cancer and normal cells and the outcomes indicated the ethanol extract as the most active against the melanoma cell line Sk-Mel-28, without affecting the viability of the normal cells. Finally, we found out that the ethanol extract interfered with the microtubules organization, leading to the cancer cells death by apoptosis.

Two calix[4]pyrroles as potential therapeutics for castration-resistant prostate cancer.

Macrocyclic compounds meso-(p-acetamidophenyl)-calix[4]pyrrole and meso-(m-acetamidophenyl)-calix[4]pyrrole have previously been reported to exhibit cytotoxic properties towards lung cancer cells. Here, we report pre-clinical in vitro and in vivo studies showing that these calixpyrrole derivatives can inhibit cell growth in both PC3 and DU145 prostatic cancer cell lines. We explored the impact of these compounds on programmed cell death, as well as their ability to inhibit cellular invasion. In this study we have demonstrated the safety of these macrocyclic compounds by cytotoxicity tests on ex-vivo human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and by in vivo subcutaneous administration. Preliminary in vivo tests demonstrated no hepato-, no nephro- and no genotoxicity in Balb/c mice compared to controls treated with cisplatin. These findings suggest these calixpyrroles might be novel therapeutic tools for the treatment of prostate cancer and of particular interest for the treatment of androgen-independent castration-resistant prostate cancer.

A Circulating Risk Score, Based on Combined Expression of Exo-miR-130a-3p and Fibrinopeptide A, as Predictive Biomarker of Relapse in Resectable Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients.

To date, the 5-year overall survival rate of 60% for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unsatisfactory. Therefore, reliable prognostic factors are needed. Growing evidence shows that cancer progression may depend on an interconnection between cancer cells and the surrounding tumor microenvironment; hence, circulating molecules may represent promising markers of cancer recurrence. In order to identify a prognostic score, we performed in-depth high-throughput analyses of plasma circulating markers, including exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miR) and peptides, in 67 radically resected NSCLCs. The miRnome profile selected the Exo-miR-130a-3p as the most overexpressed in relapsed patients. Peptidome analysis identified four progressively more degraded forms of fibrinopeptide A (FpA), which were depleted in progressing patients. Notably, stepwise Cox regression analysis selected Exo-miR-130a-3p and the greatest FpA (2-16) to build a score predictive of recurrence, where high-risk patients had 18 months of median disease-free survival. Moreover, in vitro transfections showed that higher levels of miR-130a-3p lead to a deregulation of pathways involved in metastasis and angiogenesis, including the coagulation process and metalloprotease increase which might be linked to FpA reduction. In conclusion, by integrating circulating markers, the identified risk score may help clinicians predict early-stage NSCLC patients who are more likely to relapse after primary surgery.