Changes in the blood parameters of the Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) after long-distance transportation / Alterações nos padrões sanguíneos do peixe-boi da Amazônia (Trichechus inunguis) após transporte de longa distância

In this study we report the hematological, biochemical and hormonal parameters in a juvenile male Amazonian manatee measured before transport, immediately after transport, and during adaptation to a new facility. The animal was transported from Manaus, Amazonas State, Brazil, to São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil, (2,733 km) within 6 hours. Among all blood parameters analyzed, we observed obvious neutrophilia, lymphopenia, and increases in the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and serum glucose and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, but these parameters subsequently returned to normal. These results suggest that transport and changes in the environment are temporary stressful events for Amazonian manatees. We, therefore, recommend monitoring the hematological and biochemical parameters before and after translocation to minimize the effects of handling stressors in this species.

Neste estudo, são relatados os parâmetros hematológicos, bioquímicos e hormonais em um peixe-boi da Amazônia macho jovem, medidos antes do transporte, imediatamente depois, e durante a sua adaptação a um novo recinto. O animal foi transportado de Manaus, Estado do Amazonas, Brasil, para São Paulo, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, (2.733 km) durante 6h de viagem. Entre os parâmetros sanguíneos analisados, foi observada clara neutrofilia, linfopenia e aumento na relação neutrófilo/linfócito e nos níveis de glicose e aspartato aminotransferase (AST), mas estes parâmetros posteriormente voltaram aos valores normais. Estes resultados sugerem que o transporte e as mudanças no ambiente são eventos estressantes para o peixe-boi da Amazônia. Desta forma, é recomendável o monitoramento dos parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos antes e após a translocação para minimizar os efeitos de agentes estressores nesta espécie.

Light and scanning electron microscopic study of the tongue in the estuarine dolphin (Sotalia guianensis van Bénéden, 1864).

The importance of the tongue during feeding, and the limited information on the tongue of most aquatic mammals led us to investigate its morphological aspects in sexually immature and mature Sotalia guianensis. Six tongues were measured and photo-documented after their removal from the oral cavity. The samples were divided into rostral, middle, and caudal regions, and examined using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (S.E.M.). Sotalia guianensis tongue presented lateral grooves from the apex to the middle portion, while the anterolateral region presented marginal papillae. Histological characteristics revealed the presence of a keratinized stratified epithelium, salivary glands in the middle and caudal portions of the tongue, and filiform papillae in the caudal region. S.E.M. images revealed the presence of filiform papillae and ducts of salivary glands in the middle and caudal portions of the tongue. We can conclude that the characteristics found in this study may reflect an adaptation to changes in diet after weaning.

Noninvasive monitoring of androgens in male Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis): biologic validation.

The Amazonian manatee (Trichechus inunguis) is endemic in the Amazonian basin and is the only exclusively fresh water sirenian. Historically hunted on a large scale, this species is now considered endangered, and studies on the reproductive physiology are critical for the improvement of reproductive management of captive and wild populations of manatees. The aim of this study was to verify the viability of androgen measurement in saliva, lacrimal, urine, and fecal samples of the Amazonian manatee by conducting a hormone challenge. Two adult male manatees (A-1 and A-2) were submitted to an experimentation protocol of 12 day (D1 to D10). On D0, the animals received an intramuscular injection of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-analogue. Salivary, lacrimal, urinary, and fecal samples were collected daily (between 0800 hours and 0900 hours) and frozen at -20 degrees C until assayed. Fecal samples were lyophilized, extracted with 80% methanol, and diluted in buffer before the radioimmunoassay (RIA). Urine samples underwent acid hydrolysis and were diluted in depleted bovine serum. Salivary and lacrimal samples were assayed without the extraction step. Hormonal assays were conducted with a commercial testosterone RIA kit. An androgen peak (> median + 2 interquartile range [IQR]) was observed in all matrices of both animals, although it was less prominent in the lacrimal samples of A-2. However, the fecal androgen peak (A-1 peak = 293.78 ng/g dry feces, median [IQR] = 143.58 [32.38] ng/g dry feces; A-2 peak = 686.72 ng/g dry feces, median [IQR] = 243.82 [193.16] ng/g dry feces) occurred later than urinary (A-1 peak = 648.16 ng/mg creatinine [Cr], median [IQR] = 23.88 [30.44] ng/mg Cr; A-2 peak = 370.44 ng/mg Cr, median [IQR] = 113.87 [117.73] ng/mg Cr) and salivary (A-1 peak = 678.89 pg/ml, median [IQR] = 103.69 [119.86] pg/ml; A-2 peak = 733.71 pg/ml, median [IQR] = 262.92 [211.44] pg/ml) androgen peaks. These intervals appear to be correlated with the long digesta passage time in this species. The salivary and urinary peaks were closely associated. These results demonstrate that androgen concentrations in saliva, urine, or feces samples reflect reliably physiologic events and are a powerful tool for noninvasive reproductive monitoring of Amazonian manatees.

Body weight-length relationships in giant otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) (Carnivora, Mustelidae)

Few giant otters (Pteronura brasiliensis) have been measured and weighed and its actual size is controversial in the literature. This study presents the weight-length relationship of Amazonian giant otters using 15 captive individuals. The maximum length and weight were 163cm and 22.5kg, and 162cm and 28.8kg, for the males and females, respectively. The weight-length relationships were not significantly different between the sexes (t = 0.658, d.f.=11, P>0.05) and can be expressed by the equation: W=1.48x10-5 L2.81. Considering that some of the giant otters used in this study were old individuals (more than 10 years old), and that all the animals analyzed were healthy, it is possible to assume that the weight-length relationships obtained are probably a close approximation of the relationship of giant otters of the Amazon region and can be used by institutions that keep this species in captivity as a base to quickly assess the animal's nutritive status.

Poucas ariranhas (Pteronura brasiliensis) foram medidas e pesadas com precisão, e seu comprimento e peso máximos ainda são controversos na literatura. Neste estudo apresentamos a relação peso/comprimento da ariranha da Amazônia usando 15 animais de cativeiro. O comprimento e peso máximos observados foram 163cm e 22,5kg, e 162cm e 28,8kg, para machos e fêmeas, respectivamente. As relações peso/comprimento não foram significativamente diferentes entre os sexos (t = 0,658, d.f. = 11, P>0,05) e podem ser agrupadas e expressas por uma única equação P = 1,48x10-5 C2,81. Considerando que algumas das ariranhas usadas neste estudo eram indivíduos velhos (com mais que 10 anos de idade) e que todos os animais analisados eram saudáveis, acredita-se que os resultados apresentados forneçam uma boa aproximação da relação peso/comprimento de ariranhas de vida livre da região Amazônica e podem ser utilizados por instituições que mantêm esta espécie em cativeiro para acessar o status nutricional dos animais.

Anesthesiology, hematology and serum chemistry of the giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) / Anestesiologia, hematologia e bioquímica sangüínea de ariranha, Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Mustelidae) / Anestesiología, hematología y bioquímica sanguínea de ariranha, Pteronura brasiliensis (Carnivora, Mustelidae)

There are very few hematological values of giant otters found in the literature and despite that new anesthetic drugs became available in recent years, no information has been published regarding their use in this endangered species. Therefore, to fulfill these gaps, about 15 ml of blood were collected from the jugular or femoral veins of six captive giant otters between March-July/1995 and September-November/2004. To collect the blood, the animals were anesthetized either using 5% ketamine hydrochloride (Ketalar®-Parke- Davis) combined with xylazine (Rompun®-Bayer) in a mean dosage of 8.78 ± 0.91 mg/kg and 1.92 ± 0.15 mg/kg, respectively (n=4), or using tiletamine hydrochloride and zolazepam hydrochloride (Zoletil 50® - Virbac) in a mean dosage of 1.93 ± 0.57 mg/kg, followed by an injection of atropine sulfate 1 % (Atropina®- Farmagrícola S.A.) in a mean dosage of 0.09 ± 0.02 mg/kg (n=7). The depth and time of immobilization provided by both associations allowed the accomplishment of all the veterinary procedures with satisfactory safety. The mean rectal temperature recorded during immobilization was 39.16 ± 0.59oC (n=8). The hemoglobin and packed cell volume (PCV) mean values were 16.36 ± 2.81 g/dl and 50.66 ± 7.77 %, respectively. The WBC, lymphocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils values were similar to those reported for other otter species. Similarly, the blood chemistry values were close to those found in other mustelids. Considering that all animals used in this study were clinically healthy, the hematologic and blood chemistry values here presented provide a baseline for recognition of abnormal blood values in giant otters.

Existem poucos dados hematológicos de ariranhas na literatura, e embora novas drogas anestésicas se tenham tornado disponíveis nos últimos anos, inexiste informação publicada acerca de seus usos nesta espécie. Com o intuito de preencher estas lacunas, cerca de 15ml de sangue foram colhidos da veia jugular ou femoral de seis ariranhas cativas entre março-julho/1995 e setembro-novembro/ 2004. Para colher o sangue, as ariranhas foram anestesiadas utilizando um dos seguintes protocolos: 5% cloridrato de cetamina (Ketalar®-Parke-Davis) em associação com xilazina (Rompun®-Bayer) em dosagens médias de 8,78 ± 0,91 mg/kg e 1,92 ± 0,15 mg/kg, respectivamente (n=4), ou usando cloridrato de tiletamina e cloridrato de zolazepam (Zoletil 50® - Virbac) em dosagem média de 1,93 ± 0,57 mg/kg, seguida por uma injeção de sulfato de atropina 1 % (Atropina® - Farmagrícola S.A.) em dosagem média de 0,09 ± 0,02 mg/kg (n=7). A profundidade e o tempo de anestesia proporcionados pelas duas associações de drogas permitiram que todos os procedimentos veterinários fossem realizados com segurança. A temperatura retal registrada durante a imobilização teve uma média de 39,16 ± 0,59oC (n=8). As médias de hemoglobina e hematócrito foram 16,36 ± 2,81 g/dl e 50,66 ± 7,77 %, respectivamente. Os valores de leucócitos, linfócitos, monócitos e eosinófilos foram similares aos observados para outras espécies de lontras. Da mesma forma,os valores da bioquímica sérica foram semelhantes aos encontrados para outros mustelídeos. Considerando que os animais utilizados neste estudo estavam clinicamente saudáveis, os valores hematológicos e bioquímicos apresentados podem servir de base para reconhecer valores anormais em ariranhas.

Existen pocos datos hematológicos de ariranhas (Pteronura brasiliensis) en la literatura, aunque nuevas drogas anestésicas se hicieron disponibles en los últimos años, inexiste información publicada acerca de sus usos en esta especie. Con la intención de rellenar estos vacíos, alrededor de 15ml de sangre fueron colectados de la vena yugular o femoral de seis ariranhas cautivas entre marzo-julio/1995 y septiembre-noviembre/2004. Para colectar la sangre, las ariranhas fueron anestesiadas utilizando uno de los siguientes protocolos: 5% clorhidrato de cetamina (Ketala® -Parke-Davis) en asociación con xilazina (Rompun®-Bayer) en dosis medianas de 8,78 ± 0,91 mg/kg y 1,92±0,15 mg/kg, respectivamente (n=4), ousando clorhidrato de tiletamina y clorhidrato de zolazepam (Zoletil® 50 – Virbac) en dosis mediana de 1,93 ± 0,57 mg/kg, seguida por una inyección de sulfato de atropina 1% (Atropina® -Farmagrícola S.A.) en dosis mediana de 0,09± 0,02 mg/ kg (n=7). La profundidad y el tiempo de anestesia proporcionados por las dos asociaciones de drogas permitieron que todos los procedimientos veterinarios fuesen realizados con seguridad. La temperatura rectal registrada durante la inmovilización tuvo una media de 39,16 ± 2,81 g/dl y 50,66 ± 7,77%, respectivamente. Los valores de leucocitos, linfocitos, monocitos yeosinófilos fueron similares a los observados para otras especies de nutrias. De la misma forma, los valores de bioquímica sérica fueron semejantes a los encontrados para otros mustelideos. Considerando que los animales utilizados en este estudio estaban clínicamente saludables, los valores hematológicos y bioquímicos presentados pueden servir de base para reconocer valores anormales en ariranhas.

Cytogenetic study of the giant otter Pteronura brasiliensis Zimmermann 1780 (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae)

The giant otter, Pteronura brasiliensis Zimmermann 1780 (Carnivora, Mustelidae, Lutrinae), was widely distributed in South America but stable populations are now only found in the Pantanal and Amazon regions and the species is classified as endangered. There is only one recognized species of giant otter, although two subspecies of doubtful value have also been cited in the literature. We present the first karyotype of four captive P. brasiliensis specimens, all of which posses 2n = 38 chromosomes as 14M+8SM+6ST+8A and one pair of sexual chromosomes. An heteromorphic secondary constriction, associated with the nucleolar organizer region (NOR), was seen on the long arms of chromosome pair 17. The C-banding technique revealed heterochromatin in the centromeric region of all the chromosomes and the NOR was C-banding positive. The giant otter presented the same diploid number as most mustelids, although its karyotype is quite species-specific.