'Reserve effect': An opportunity to mitigate human-wild boar conflicts.

Wild boar growth in numbers and range is associated with increasing economic and environmental impact. Hunting has been traditionally used to reduce wild boar numbers. Areas where hunting is not allowed may attract wild boar from neighbouring hunting grounds. This phenomenon is called 'reserve effect' and could cause temporarily localised, high densities of wild boar in areas where hunting is banned. To investigate the occurrence of 'reserve effect', this study was conducted in two natural reserves of 400 and 250 ha inside the Montseny Natural Park, Catalonia, Spain where regular hunting of wild boar is not permitted, and only sporadic driven hunts/year are authorised for population control. The aims of the study were to evaluate if wild boar use these reserves as a refuge when hunting is carried out in the surrounding areas and to assess the effects that occasional drive hunts inside these reserves may have on wild boar numbers and social organization. From 2012 to 2015 camera traps were placed in the two reserves without using any bait. Cameras operated for 1.759 days, including hunting and non-hunting seasons, and 37.574 wild boar images were obtained. A 'reserve effect' was detected, as following hunting in the surroundings grounds, the number of wild boar increases inside reserves. Occasional driven hunts conducted in the reserves are effective in reducing the number of individuals and the effects persist for at least 45 days. Hunting disrupts wild boar social organization, as group size was significantly reduced. These results suggested that targeting refuge areas, once hunting in the surroundings causes wild boar to concentrate in these areas, is effective for population control. These findings could also be used to design trategies to optimise population control and offer opportunities for disease management such as vaccination, or to facilitate eradication in areas affected by disease outbreaks.

Desarrollo de un nuevo modelo de Practicum. Reto y oportunidad de formar en roles avanzados en el Grado de Enfermería / Development of a new Practicum model. Challenge and opportunity to form in advanced roles in the Nursing Degree

El propósito de la educación en Enfermería es formar profesionales con actitudes, habilidades y conocimientos necesarios para llevar a cabo sus funciones de manera eficiente. Cada vez hay mayor demanda de profesionales de enfermería más competentes para el manejo de información, uso de nuevas tecnologías y aplicación de intervenciones complejas en el cuidado de las personas en diferentes entornos de cuidado. Para dar respuesta a esta demanda, desde la Escuela Superior de Ciencias de la Salud Tecnocampus, se apuesta por modelo de Practicum avanzado más integrador y acorde a la formación teórica y práctica, que permita al estudiante una visión holística, ya no tanto de las patologías concretas, sino de los procesos asistenciales en forma de itinerarios. El trabajo que aquí se presenta tiene el objetivo de dar a conocer este modelo y las herramientas evaluadoras del estudiante utilizadas durante el mismo

The purpose of the Nursing Education is to train nurses with skills, attitudes, aptitudes and knowledge to enable them to develop their function in an efficient manner. An increasing demand of nurses more competent to a data-management system, to use new technologies and application of complex interventions on different places of nursing care, is requested. To respond to this demand, the Escuela Superior de Ciencias de la Salud Tecnocampus (ESCST), has been emphasized for an advanced and integrative Practicum Model in accordance with the theoretical and practical training, that it enables students to have an holistic view. Not just of specific pathologies, but also the assistance processes by means of form of itinerary. The work that is presented has the aim to make know this model and which are evaluation tools that are used during the development for the assessment of student's practical training

Wild boar populations up, numbers of hunters down? A review of trends and implications for Europe.

Across Europe, wild boar numbers increased in the 1960s-1970s but stabilised in the 1980s; recent evidence suggests that the numbers and impact of wild boar has grown steadily since the 1980s. As hunting is the main cause of mortality for this species, we reviewed wild boar hunting bags and hunter population trends in 18 European countries from 1982 to 2012. Hunting statistics and numbers of hunters were used as indicators of animal numbers and hunting pressure. The results confirmed that wild boar increased consistently throughout Europe, while the number of hunters remained relatively stable or declined in most countries. We conclude that recreational hunting is insufficient to limit wild boar population growth and that the relative impact of hunting on wild boar mortality had decreased. Other factors, such as mild winters, reforestation, intensification of crop production, supplementary feeding and compensatory population responses of wild boar to hunting pressure might also explain population growth. As populations continue to grow, more human-wild boar conflicts are expected unless this trend is reversed. New interdisciplinary approaches are urgently required to mitigate human-wild boar conflicts, which are otherwise destined to grow further.