RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To inform child and adolescent psychiatrists about the almost 500,000 children now residing in the American foster care system. This overview surveys the pediatric, developmental, and psychiatric needs of these children. METHOD: Child and adolescent psychiatrists, pediatricians, a child welfare researcher, a social worker, and a psychologist developed a consensus paper from their experience with child welfare and a review of the literature in their respective fields. RESULTS: Being in foster care is a defining experience in these children's lives. They are at risk in myriad ways: for instance, being poor, having chronic health deficits, experiencing the trauma of abuse and neglect, and suffering from a gamut of emotional challenges. Evolutionary developments in foster care such as therapeutic foster homes, kinship care, and changes in Medicaid funding will continue to alter the system. CONCLUSIONS: Foster children are a huge reservoir of unmet pediatric and psychiatric needs; research on them is spotty at best. It is hoped that child and adolescent psychiatrists will meet the challenges these youngsters present and will advocate for them.
Assuntos
Serviços de Saúde da Criança/organização & administração , Proteção da Criança/tendências , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde , Necessidades e Demandas de Serviços de Saúde , Serviços de Saúde Mental/organização & administração , Adolescente , Criança , Psiquiatria Infantil/normas , Pré-Escolar , Cuidados no Lar de Adoção/tendências , Humanos , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/prevenção & controle , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division , Adolescente , Criança , Política de Saúde , Pesquisa sobre Serviços de Saúde , Humanos , National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S., Health and Medicine Division/organização & administração , National Institute of Mental Health (U.S.)/normas , Apoio à Pesquisa como Assunto , Estados UnidosRESUMO
Mental health professionals have long been concerned about how children react to war. This paper reports a small, naturalistic study of how children reacted to Operation Desert Storm. Although no actual danger threatened these affluent east coast children, television transported the battle zone's gory pictures right into the living room. That experience had a deep impact on many children. Not only did they empathize with the wounded and maimed; they also resented the way injured people's privacy was invaded and were bewildered by news reporters' "bizarre" behavior when danger was imminent.
Assuntos
Psicologia da Criança , Guerra , Criança , Connecticut , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Oriente Médio , Cidade de Nova Iorque , Estados UnidosRESUMO
In a cross-sectional study of how 576, upper-middle class children were socialized around bathing behaviors, families were found to be variable in their handling of bathing practices. But as a group, children were found to bathe alone more frequently as they grew older, and parents were found to bathe less frequently with the child of the opposite sex, particularly as children grew older. It was uncommon for mothers to bathe or shower with sons older than 8 years of age or for fathers to bathe or shower with daughters older than 9 years of age, although most had stopped before that age. This cross-sex aversion may be a reflection of the incest taboo. Several suggestions are made about the development-related changes in bathing practices identified in the study.
Assuntos
Banhos , Abuso Sexual na Infância/prevenção & controle , Socialização , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento Materno , Comportamento Paterno , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
Children from alcoholic homes frequently develop defenses similar to those found in children who have been physically abused. During adulthood these defenses lead to over-control of one's emotions and interpersonal interactions. Therapeutic implications involve management of grief reactions as illusions of the "good" parent are relinquished.
Assuntos
Alcoolismo/reabilitação , Mecanismos de Defesa , Relações Pais-Filho , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Adulto , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Criança , Humanos , Encaminhamento e Consulta , Autoimagem , Transtornos de Estresse Pós-Traumáticos/reabilitaçãoRESUMO
The autistic child's problems with language may be an impairment in symbolic functioning that affects all forms of communication, including representational thought and the ability to play creatively. The hypothesis that autistic children specifically do not project symbolic meaning onto toys (which is not associated with other conditions causing severe language disorder) was tested in a group of 15 severely language-impaired children. Data were obtained from a parent interview/questionnaire and analysis of a video-taped play session. The findings suggest that language-disordered children who meet DSM III criteria for autism most consistently show absence of symbolic play, and those who do have symbolic play fall into a wide range of diagnostic categories excluding autism. The report presents valuable observational and interpretational clinical factors, useful in the assessment and differential diagnosis of a language-impaired child.
Assuntos
Transtorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Linguagem/diagnóstico , Jogos e Brinquedos , Adolescente , Transtorno Autístico/psicologia , Criança , Criatividade , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Imaginação , Transtornos do Desenvolvimento da Linguagem/psicologia , Masculino , SimbolismoRESUMO
Prior research on whether parents and children ever share a bed is scanty. Some experts have written that if parents take their frightened child into bed with them, there will be "devil to pay." Using a questionnaire, we surveyed 415 upper-middle-class parents of 576 children. We asked if, when their child awoke ill or frightened, they took the child into their bed. They commonly did. We question whether explanations that ascribe the cause of psychopathologic disorders to specific events may not be too simplistic. To date, too much attention may have been paid to the events, such as parents and children sharing a bed, are not enough has been devoted to the context, motivation, and setting in which these events occur.
Assuntos
Educação Infantil , Relações Pais-Filho , Sono , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/genética , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pais/psicologia , Psicologia da Criança , Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Classe Social , SocializaçãoRESUMO
Although primal scene experiences have been implicated as causal agents in innumerable psychopathologic states, no study of their actual prevalence exists. The authors conducted five separate studies, in which parents reported that 9%-41% of their children had seen parental intercourse. If the times children see parental intercourse without the parents knowing it and the times children hear parents making noises during intercourse were included, the prevalence would be much higher. In view of the frequent occurrence of primal scene experiences, factors other than the viewing itself must influence psychopathological outcomes when they occur.
Assuntos
Coito , Teoria Psicanalítica , Atitude , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , MasculinoRESUMO
Therapists must be cognizant of the meaning of the patients' presentation and the extreme need for therapeutic safety. The therapists must be keenly aware of the deprivation issues for these patients and not be seduced by the sexual "red herring." At the same time, the therapist must be careful that his own discomfort does not make him run away from the sexual material. Thus the therapist must strike a difficult balance between the two. The therapist must avoid allying with the child solely as a victim, an alliance which would hinder an understanding of the child's motivation and subsequent guilt, and thus foster further difficulties. The therapist must work through his own outrage that a child has been molested so that he may avoid blame seeking. By attending to these issues, the individual psychotherapist will pass the patients' "test" and take the first step in helping patients and their families in forming a therapeutic working alliance.
Assuntos
Incesto , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Adolescente , Criança , Contratransferência , Relações Pai-Filho , Feminino , Culpa , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Relações Mãe-Filho , Relações Profissional-Paciente , Psicoterapia , FúriaAssuntos
Maus-Tratos Infantis , Incesto , Transtornos Parafílicos/diagnóstico , Pedofilia/diagnóstico , Encenação , Adolescente , Criança , Criança Abandonada/psicologia , Pré-Escolar , Feminino , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Pedofilia/psicologia , Estupro , TabuRESUMO
The author ascertained the frequency of reports of a history of incest among the 18 female psychiatric outpatients he first evaluated or treated in a one-year period. Six of these patients (33%) reported a history of incest. The author suggests that if this figure reflects actual prevalence, previous estimates of a history of incest among female psychiatric patients may have been mistakenly low. He discusses the implications and limitations of the statistics.
Assuntos
Incesto , Transtornos Mentais , Adolescente , Adulto , Criança , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/diagnóstico , Psicoterapia , Comportamento Sexual , Classe SocialRESUMO
This paper explores some of the complex difficulties facing clinicians trying to assess whether a patient's report of incest is fantasy or reality. The role of sexualized family interactions, the age of the child, the nature of the act, and the quality of the reports are discussed as relevant variables. Cases are used to illustrate various points. In conclusion, we provide 8 questions the clinician should review before making any judgments about a report of incest being reality, especially when legal procedures are involved.
Assuntos
Fantasia , Incesto , Autorrevelação , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Criança , Maus-Tratos Infantis , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Família , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Relações Pais-Filho , PsicoterapiaRESUMO
Traditionally incest has been seen as the aggressive act of a deranged adult perpetrator against a child victim. While this conceptualization is true for some cases of incest, it ignores the family dynamics and the underlying affectional neglect and deprivation that the child has experienced in the home environment. It can lead to interventions such as immediate incarceration of the perpetrator in all cases, which may cause more harm than good; furthermore, it may permit the state to provide no therapeutic services to the child. By using a more realistic conceptualization of prolonged endogamic incest, useful interventions and therapeutic plans can be designed.