Speed of reversal of vecuronium neuromuscular block with different doses of neostigmine in anesthetized dogs.

OBJECTIVES: Neostigmine is routinely used to reverse non-depolarizing neuromuscular block. Given its indirect mechanism, a plateau may exist whereby increasing doses of neostigmine do not result in clinical benefit. This study was designed to measure the speed of reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs after the administration of three doses of neostigmine as used in clinical practice. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective, crossover, randomized study. ANIMALS: Seven adult, mixed-breed dogs with a mean ± standard deviation (SD) age of 2.0 ± 0.8 years and weight of 19.1 ± 9.1 kg. METHODS: Dogs were anesthetized on three occasions with isoflurane and administered vecuronium (0.1 mg kg-1) intravenously (IV). The train-of-four (TOF) ratio was measured on the pelvic limb with acceleromyography. When the second twitch of the TOF had returned spontaneously, atropine (0.03 mg kg-1) and neostigmine (0.02, 0.04 or 0.07 mg kg-1) were administered IV. Time to reach a TOF ratio of ≥0.9 after neostigmine administration was recorded. RESULTS: Increasing the dose of neostigmine from 0.02 mg kg-1 to 0.04 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 resulted in significant reductions in mean ± SD reversal times (10.5 ± 2.3, 7.4 ± 1.1 and 5.4 ± 0.5 minutes, respectively) (p < 0.0001) and smaller coefficients of variation (22%, 15% and 10%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Increasing the dose of neostigmine from 0.02 mg kg-1 to 0.04 mg kg-1 and 0.07 mg kg-1 produced faster and less variable reversal of vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. No ceiling effect was observed at this dose range.

Efectos morfométricos, bioquímicos y cardiovasculares del aceite asencial y de terpenos hidrocarburos de schinus areira (anacardiaceae ) en un modelo experimental en animales / Morphometric, biochemical and cardiovascular effects of essential oil and terpene hydrocarbons schinus areira (anacardiaceae) in an experimental animal model

Introducción: Schinus areira L., comúnmente conocido como "Aguaribay", "Gualeguay" o "Molle", pertenece a la familia Anacardiaceae, en donde se incluyen árboles ornamentales, arbustos y lianas, frutos y nueces comercialmente valiosas como el cajú o el pistacho. Objetivo: Obtener el aceite esencial de Schinus areira y su fracción en terpenos hidrocarburos para determinar sus efectos sobre la actividad cardiovascular y su acción en parámetros histopatológicos, bioquímicos y hematológicos en animales de experimentación. Materiales y Métodos: a) Se aisló el aceite esencial (AE) del Schinus areira por arrastre de vapor de agua y posteriormente a través de cromatografía de capa delgada, su fracción en terpenos hidrocarburos (FH); b) se cuantificó mediante cromatografía de masa la composición química del AE y de la FH; c) se determinó el efecto de ambos compuestos en parámetros histopatológicos, bioquímicos, hematológicos y la actividad cardiovascular en conejos despiertos normotensos con un tratamiento agudo y crónico y d) se evaluó el efecto a dosis crecientes de noradrenalina, el corazón ex vivo de ratón, previamente tratado con el AE de S. areira.

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Schinus areira L., commonly known as "Aguaribay", "Gualeguay" or "Molle", belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, where trees, shrubs and vines, fruits and nuts commercially valuable as cashews or pistachios are included. The research of active compounds present in plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases has increased significantly worldwide and because of these trends, many reports have evaluated the effects of various plants and their components in the cardiovascular system in order to provide a scientific basis for therapeutic applications target. The EO of Schinus areira and hydrocarbon fraction were obtained to determine their effects on cardiovascular activity and its action on histopathological, biochemical and hematological parameters in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: a) The essential oil (EO) of Schinus areira stripping water and subsequently through thin layer chromatography, the hydrocarbon fraction (HF) were isolated, b) were quantified by chromatography mass chemistry EO and HF, c) the effect of both oils on histopathological, biochemical, hematological and cardiovascular activity in conscious normotensive rabbits d) was determined the effects of increasing doses of noradrenaline were evaluated, the heart ex vivo mouse pretreated EO of S. areira.

Efectos morfométricos, bioquímicos y cardiovasculares del aceite asencial y de terpenos hidrocarburos de schinus areira (anacardiaceae ) en un modelo experimental en animales / Morphometric, biochemical and cardiovascular effects of essential oil and terpene hydrocarbons schinus areira (anacardiaceae) in an experimental animal model

Introducción: Schinus areira L., comúnmente conocido como "Aguaribay", "Gualeguay" o "Molle", pertenece a la familia Anacardiaceae, en donde se incluyen árboles ornamentales, arbustos y lianas, frutos y nueces comercialmente valiosas como el cajú o el pistacho. Objetivo: Obtener el aceite esencial de Schinus areira y su fracción en terpenos hidrocarburos para determinar sus efectos sobre la actividad cardiovascular y su acción en parámetros histopatológicos, bioquímicos y hematológicos en animales de experimentación. Materiales y Métodos: a) Se aisló el aceite esencial (AE) del Schinus areira por arrastre de vapor de agua y posteriormente a través de cromatografía de capa delgada, su fracción en terpenos hidrocarburos (FH); b) se cuantificó mediante cromatografía de masa la composición química del AE y de la FH; c) se determinó el efecto de ambos compuestos en parámetros histopatológicos, bioquímicos, hematológicos y la actividad cardiovascular en conejos despiertos normotensos con un tratamiento agudo y crónico y d) se evaluó el efecto a dosis crecientes de noradrenalina, el corazón ex vivo de ratón, previamente tratado con el AE de S. areira.(AU)

ABSTRACT: Introduction: Schinus areira L., commonly known as "Aguaribay", "Gualeguay" or "Molle", belongs to the Anacardiaceae family, where trees, shrubs and vines, fruits and nuts commercially valuable as cashews or pistachios are included. The research of active compounds present in plants for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases has increased significantly worldwide and because of these trends, many reports have evaluated the effects of various plants and their components in the cardiovascular system in order to provide a scientific basis for therapeutic applications target. The EO of Schinus areira and hydrocarbon fraction were obtained to determine their effects on cardiovascular activity and its action on histopathological, biochemical and hematological parameters in experimental animals. Materials and Methods: a) The essential oil (EO) of Schinus areira stripping water and subsequently through thin layer chromatography, the hydrocarbon fraction (HF) were isolated, b) were quantified by chromatography mass chemistry EO and HF, c) the effect of both oils on histopathological, biochemical, hematological and cardiovascular activity in conscious normotensive rabbits d) was determined the effects of increasing doses of noradrenaline were evaluated, the heart ex vivo mouse pretreated EO of S. areira.(AU)

Chemical compositions and properties of Schinus areira L. essential oil on airway inflammation and cardiovascular system of mice and rabbits.

The main purpose was to investigate the effects of essential plant-oil of Schinus areira L. on hemodynamic functions in rabbits, as well as myocardial contractile strength and airways inflammation associated to bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mice. This study shows the important properties of the essential oil (EO) of S. areira studied and these actions on lung with significant inhibition associated to LPS, all of which was assessed in mice bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and evidenced by stability of the percentage of alveolar macrophages, infiltration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and tumor necrosis factor-α concentration, and without pathway modifications in conjugated dienes activity. Clinical status (morbidity or mortality), macroscopic morphology and lung/body weight index were unaffected by the administration of the EO S. areira. Furthermore, the ex vivo analysis of isolated hearts demonstrated the negative inotropic action of the EO of S. areira in a mice model, and in rabbits changes in the hemodynamic parameters, such as a reduction of systolic blood pressure. We conclude that EO S. areira could be responsible for modifications on the cardiovascular and/or airway parameters.

Vantris, a biocompatible, synthetic, non-biodegradable, easy-to-inject bulking substance. Evaluation of local tissular reaction, localized migration and long-distance migration.

Biodegradable injectable bulking agents of animal origin present a fast rate of bio-reabsorption and may cause an allergic reaction. Biodegradable elements of synthetic origin have a high rate of reabsorption after a year. Non-biodegradable agents of synthetic origin lead to the formation of a fibrotic capsule, giving stability and long-term permanence. VANTRIS is categorized into this last group; it belongs to the family of Acrylics, particles of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer immersed in a glycerol and physiological solution carrier. Molecular mass is very high. When injected in soft tissues, this material causes a bulkiness that remains stable through time. The carrier is a 40% glycerol solution with a pH of 6. Once injected, the carrier is eliminated by the reticular system through the kidneys, without metabolizing. Particles of this polyacrylate polyalcohol with glycerol are highly deformable by compression, and may be injected using a 23-gauge needle. The average of particles size is 320 mm. Once implanted, particles are covered by a fibrotic capsule of up to 70 microns. Particles of this new material are anionic with high superficial electronegativity, thus promoting a low cellular interaction and low fibrotic growth. The new polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer with glycerol was tested for biocompatibility according to ISO 10993-1:2003 in vitro, showing that they are not mutagenic for the Salmonella T. strains analyzed. The extract turned out to be non-cytotoxic for cell lines in culture and non-genotoxic for mice. In in vivo studies, acrylate did not cause sensitization in mice. The macroscopic reaction of tissue irritation was not significant in subcutaneous implants and in urethras of rabbits. Seven female dogs were injected transurethrally with VANTRIS to evaluate short and long-term migration (13 weeks and 12 months respectively). No particles or signs of inflammation or necrosis are observed in any of the organs examined 13 weeks and 12 months after implantation. To conclude, this new material meets the conditions of ideal tissue bulking material.

Vantris®, a biocompatible, synthetic, non-biodegradable, easy-to-onject bulking substance. Evaluation of local tissular reaction, localized migration and long-distance migration / Vantris® una sustancia inyectable biocompatible, sintética, no biodegradable y fácil de aplicar: Evaluación de la reacción tisular local, y de la migración local y a larga distancia

Biodegradable injectable bulking agents of animal origin present a fast rate of bio-reabsorption and may cause an allergic reaction. Biodegradable elements of synthetic origin have a high rate of reabsorption after a year. Non-biodegradable agents of synthetic origin lead to the formation of a fibrotic capsule, giving stability and long-term permanence. VANTRIS® is categorized into this last group; it belongs to the family of Acrylics, particles of polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer immersed in a glycerol and physiological solution carrier. Molecular mass is very high. When injected in soft tissues, this material causes a bulkiness that remains stable through time. The carrier is a 40% glycerol solution with a pH of 6. Once injected, the carrier is eliminated by the reticular system through the kidneys, without metabolizing. Particles of this polyacrylate polyalcohol with glycerol are highly deformable by compression, and may be injected using a 23-gauge needle. The average of particles size is 320 mm. Once implanted, particles are covered by a fibrotic capsule of up to 70 microns. Particles of this new material are anionic with high superficial electronegativity, thus promoting a low cellular interaction and low fibrotic growth. The new polyacrylate polyalcohol copolymer with glycerol was tested for biocompatibility according to ISO 10993-1:2003 in vitro, showing that they are not mutagenic for the Salmonella T. strains analyzed. The extract turned out to be non-cytotoxic for cell lines in culture and non-genotoxic for mice. In in vivo studies, acrylate did not cause sensitization in mice. The macroscopic reaction of tissue irritation was not significant in subcutaneous implants and in urethras of rabbits. Seven female dogs were injected transurethrally with VANTRIS® to evaluate short and long-term migration (13 weeks and 12 months respectively). No particles or signs of inflammation or necrosis are observed in any of the organs examined 13 weeks and 12 months after implantation. To conclude, this new material meets the conditions of ideal tissue bulking material (AU)

Los agentes inyectables biodegradables de origen animal presentan una tasa rápida de bioreabsorción y pueden provocar reacciones alérgicas. Los elementos biodegradables de origen sintético tienen una alta tasa de reabsorción después de un año. Los agentes no-biodegradables de origen sintético dan lugar a la formación de una cápsula fibrótica, dando estabilidad y permanencia a largo plazo. VANTRIS® se clasifica en este último grupo; pertenece a la familia de los acrílicos, partículas de copolímero poliacrida polialcohol inmersas en una solución vehiculante de glicerol y fisiológico. Su masa molecular es muy alta. Cuando se inyecta en tejidos blandos, este material produce un abultamiento que permanece estable a lo largo del tiempo. El vehículo contiene un 40% de solución de glicerol con un pH de 6. Una vez inyectada, el vehículo es eliminado por el sistema reticular a través de los riñones, sin metabólizar. Las partículas de este poliacrilato polialcohol con glicerol son altamente deformables por compresión, y pueden inyectarse utilizando una aguja del 23 Gauge. El tamaño medio de las partículas es de 320 mm. Una vez implantadas, las partículas se recubren de una cápsula fibrótica de hasta 70 micrones. Las partículas de este nuevo material son aniónicas y tienen una gran electronegatividad en superficie, promoviendo así una baja interacción celular y un bajo crecimiento fibrótico. El nuevo copolímero de poliacrilato polialcohol con glicerol fue sometido a pruebas de biocompatibilidad in vitro de acuerdo con la normal ISO 10993-1:2003, mostrando que no es mutagénico para las cepas de salmonela T. analizadas. El extracto no fue citotóxico en cultivos de líneas celulares ni en ratones. En los estudios in vivo, el acrilato no produjo sensibilización en ratones. Los implantes subcutáneos y en uretra de conejos no produjeron reacción de irritación tisular macroscópica significativa. Para evaluar la migración a corto y largo plazo se inyectó Vantris® por vía transuretral en siete hembras de perro (13 semanas y 12 meses respectivamente). No se observaron partículas o signos de inflamación con necrosis en ninguno de los órganos examinados ni a las 13 semanas ni a las 12 meses del implante. En conclusión, este nuevo material cumple con las condiciones del material inyectable tisular ideal