Surface Degradation of DGEBA Epoxy Resins Cured with Structurally Different Amine Hardeners: Effects of UV Radiation.

In this study, the effects of three diamine curing agents (aromatic, cycloaliphatic, aliphatic) on the photochemical behavior of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether networks were comparatively examined. In order to monitor structural changes and study the curing agents' action mode, the cured epoxy resins were characterized before and after photoirradiation by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, contact angle, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, mass loss, and color modification measurements. Water absorption tests were also conducted. The cured epoxy resins are to be used in different multicomponent polymer materials for outdoor protection. The presence of the cycloaliphatic hardener led to reduced water absorption, and after UV irradiation, an increase in the glass transition temperature and lowest mass loss of the corresponding cured epoxy resin compared to the ones cured with aromatic and aliphatic hardener.

Effect of Hardener Type on the Photochemical and Antifungal Performance of Epoxy and Oligophosphonate S-IPNs.

Due to their highly reactive character and multiple crosslinking capacity, epoxy resins are one of the worldwide market-dominating classes of thermosetting polymers and are present in a wide range of technical applications, including structural adhesives, coatings and polymer matrices for composite materials. Despite their excellent features, epoxy resins are known to be highly flammable and possess low thermal stability and a brittle character and crack easily under impact forces. An efficient approach towards eliminating such drawbacks resides in obtaining epoxy-based semi-interpenetrating polymer networks, which possess excellent control over the morphology. The article describes the comparative effect of three hardeners (aromatic, cycloaliphatic and aliphatic) in the presence of an oligophosphonate (-R-O-PO(C6H5)-O-) (2 wt.% phosphorus) on the photochemical, fire and antifungal performance of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether semi-interpenetrating polymer networks. The networks are designed as future potential outdoor protective coatings for different substrates. The fire resistance capacity of the networks was undertaken with microscale combustion calorimetry before and after photochemical aging. Structural changes during photoirradiation were monitored via color modification studies, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, morphological assessment through scanning electron microscopy and mass loss measurements in order to propose the action mode of the hardeners and the oligophosphonate on the material properties. Microbiological testing was also undertaken with the aid of three specific wood decaying fungi as a first substrate.

Photochemical Stability of a Cotton Fabric Surface Dyed with a Reactive Triphenodioxazine Dye.

The paper describes the photochemical stability of a commercial triphenodioxazine dye (Reactive Blue_204) linked onto a cotton fabric. Preliminary studies have shown that as a result of irradiation, the dye and its photodegradation products can pass directly onto the skin under conditions that mimic human perspiration and cause side-effects. The cotton dyed fabric was photo irradiated at different time intervals. Standard methods were employed to evaluate the color strength at various levels of pH, temperature, dyeing contact time, and salt concentration. The influence of UV radiation at different doses (λ > 300 nm) on the structural and color modifications of the dyed cotton fabrics was studied. Structural modifications before and after irradiation were compared by applying FTIR, UV-Vis, and near infrared chemical imaging (NIR-CI) techniques. Color modifications were investigated with the CIELAB system. Color differences significantly increased with the irradiation dose. High irradiation doses caused changes in the dye structure.

Effect of Thermal Aging on the Physico-Chemical and Optical Properties of Poly(ester urethane) Elastomers Designed for Passive Damping (Pads) of the Railway.

The aim of this study consists of monitoring the effect of thermal aging on the physico-chemical and optical properties of poly(ester urethane) elastomers designed as damping materials for railways. The materials were obtained by polyaddition in two stages in melt, resulting in regular structures. The structural modifications during the thermal aging of the samples were monitored using FTIR, color changes, TGA in non-isothermal and isothermal conditions, DSC and physico-mechanical measurements. The structural regularity of the rigid and flexible segments maintained the good mechanical properties of the structures up to 200 h of thermal aging at the elevated temperatures of 40 °C, 70 °C, 100 °C and 130 °C. It was observed that at 40 °C and low exposure times, changes occur mainly to the carbonyl groups of the soft segments. At higher temperatures and longer exposure times urethane groups were affected. Extended thermal aging led to significant changes in thermo-mechanical and optical properties.

Epoxy Coatings Based on Modified Vegetable Oils for Wood Surface Protection against Fungal Degradation.

The study describes the curing and thermal behavior of a new castor oil maleic anhydride adduct/epoxy oils/5-Bromosalicylic acid coatings and their composites with wood. The epoxidized oils were flax and hemp. The kinetic parameters of the curing and thermal degradation processes were calculated. The resistance of the coated wood surfaces against Cladosporium cladosporioides, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Penicillium chrysogenum was tested. Color changes, FT-IR and SEM were conducted before and after fungal attack. The decay resistance and color change of raw wood and wood treated samples against fungi was tested. Based on the color changes and according to ASTM D 2017, the decay resistance rating for covered samples was considered as "highly resistant". Chemical resistance and coating performance tests were also undertaken. The obtained results recommend the described materials for applications in wood protective coatings.

FTIR and color change of the modified wood as a result of artificial light irradiation.

The effect of UV-visible light irradiation on the changes in color and chemical composition of the surfaces of Abies alba L. (fir, a softwood), non-modified and chemically modified, was studied. Chemical modification of the wood was performed by reaction with succinic anhydride in xylene at different concentration values. The wood samples were irradiated in air using a rotative device equipped with a middle pressure mercury lamp. Analysis of the color changes in wood surfaces during photo-degradation was carried out by measuring CIELAB parameters. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to study chemical changes caused by light irradiation. Irradiation modified physical and chemical characteristics of wood surfaces and resulted in rapid color changes, degradation of lignin and increased content of chromophoric groups on the wood surfaces. Color changes (DeltaE(ab)) correlate well with degradation of lignin.