Safety and Preliminary Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (ORBCEL-M) Therapy in Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Randomized Clinical Trial (NEPHSTROM).

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) may offer a novel therapy for diabetic kidney disease (DKD), although clinical translation of this approach has been limited. The authors present findings from the first, lowest dose cohort of 16 adults with type 2 diabetes and progressive DKD participating in a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation phase 1b/2a trial of next-generation bone marrow-derived, anti-CD362 antibody-selected allogeneic MSCs (ORBCEL-M). A single intravenous (iv) infusion of 80×10 6 cells was safe and well-tolerated, with one quickly resolved infusion reaction in the placebo group and no subsequent treatment-related serious adverse events (SAEs). Compared with placebo, the median annual rate of decline in eGFR was significantly lower with ORBCEL-M, although mGFR did not differ. The results support further investigation of ORBCEL-M in this patient population in an appropriately sized phase 2b study. BACKGROUND: Systemic therapy with mesenchymal stromal cells may target maladaptive processes involved in diabetic kidney disease progression. However, clinical translation of this approach has been limited. METHODS: The Novel Stromal Cell Therapy for Diabetic Kidney Disease (NEPHSTROM) study, a randomized, placebo-controlled phase 1b/2a trial, assesses safety, tolerability, and preliminary efficacy of next-generation bone marrow-derived, anti-CD362-selected, allogeneic mesenchymal stromal cells (ORBCEL-M) in adults with type 2 diabetes and progressive diabetic kidney disease. This first, lowest dose cohort of 16 participants at three European sites was randomized (3:1) to receive intravenous infusion of ORBCEL-M (80×10 6 cells, n =12) or placebo ( n =4) and was followed for 18 months. RESULTS: At baseline, all participants were negative for anti-HLA antibodies and the measured GFR (mGFR) and estimated GFR were comparable between groups. The intervention was safe and well-tolerated. One placebo-treated participant had a quickly resolved infusion reaction (bronchospasm), with no subsequent treatment-related serious adverse events. Two ORBCEL-M recipients died during follow-up of causes deemed unrelated to the trial intervention; one recipient developed low-level anti-HLA antibodies. The median annual rate of kidney function decline after ORBCEL-M therapy compared with placebo did not differ by mGFR, but was significantly lower by eGFR estimated by the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration and Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equations. Immunologic profiling provided evidence of preservation of circulating regulatory T cells, lower natural killer T cells, and stabilization of inflammatory monocyte subsets in those receiving the cell therapy compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Findings indicate safety and tolerability of intravenous ORBCEL-M cell therapy in the trial's lowest dose cohort. The rate of decline in eGFR (but not mGFR) over 18 months was significantly lower among those receiving cell therapy compared with placebo. Further studies will be needed to determine the therapy's effect on CKD progression. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ClinicalTrial.gov NCT02585622 .

A phase I study of autologous mesenchymal stromal cells for severe steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome.

BACKGROUNDSevere forms of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) require prolonged immunosuppressive therapies and repeated courses of high-dose glucocorticoids. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have promising immunomodulatory properties that may be employed therapeutically to reduce patient exposure to medications and their side effects.METHODSWe performed a phase I open-label trial assessing safety and feasibility of autologous bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) in children and young adults with severe forms of steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome. Following autologous BM-MSC preparation and infusion, oral immunosuppression was tapered. Safety, efficacy, and immunomodulatory effects in vivo were monitored for 12 months.RESULTSSixteen patients (10 children, 6 adults) were treated. Adverse events were limited and not related to BM-MSC infusions. All patients relapsed during follow-up, but in the 10 treated children, time to first relapse was delayed (P = 0.02) and number of relapses was reduced (P = 0.002) after BM-MSC infusion, compared with the previous 12 months. Cumulative prednisone dose was also reduced at 12 months compared with baseline (P < 0.05). No treatment benefit was observed in adults.In children, despite tapering of immunosuppression, clinical benefit was mirrored by a significant reduction in total CD19+, mature, and memory B cells and an increase in regulatory T cells in vivo up to 3-6 months following BM-MSC infusionCONCLUSIONTreatment with autologous BM-MSCs is feasible and safely reduces relapses and immunosuppression at 12 months in children with severe steroid-dependent INS. Immunomodulatory studies suggest that repeating MSC infusions at 3-6 months may sustain benefit.TRIAL REGISTRATIONEudraCT 2016-004804-77.FUNDINGAIFA Ricerca Indipendente 2016-02364623.

Fresh lemon juice supplementation for the prevention of recurrent stones in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis: A pragmatic, prospective, randomised, open, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial.

BACKGROUND: Standard diet with normal calcium and reduced animal proteins and salt content reduces stone recurrence in calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. Whether lemon juice supplementation further reduces recurrence rate is unknown. METHODS: In this single-centre, prospective, randomised, open, blinded endpoint trial (Clinical Trials gov NCT01217372) we evaluated the effects of fresh lemon juice supplementation (60 mL twice daily) versus no supplementation, on time to stone recurrence in 203 patients with recurrent idiopathic calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis who were all prescribed a standard diet. Patients were included between July 2009 and March 2017 at the Nephrology Unit of the Papa Giovanni XXIII hospital in Bergamo, Italy. Time to stone recurrence at 2 years of follow-up was the primary outcome. Analyses were by intention-to-treat. FINDINGS: During two years of follow-up 21 of 100 patients randomised to lemon juice supplementation and 32 of 103 controls randomised to no supplementation had stone recurrence [HR (95% CI): 0·62 (0·35-1·07), p = 0·089]. Patient adherence to lemon juice supplementation, however, progressively decreased from 68% at one-year to 48% at two-year follow-up. At explorative analyses restricted at one-year follow-up, ten patients with supplementation versus 22 controls had stone recurrence [0·43 (0·20-0·89), p = 0·028]. After adjustment by age, sex and normo or hypocitraturia, the HR (95%) was still significant [0·45 (0·20-0·93), p = 0·036]. At six months, 24 hour urinary sodium excretion decreased by 8·60±65·68 mEq/24 h in patients receiving lemon juice supplementation and increased by 3·88±64·78 mEq/24 h in controls. Changes significantly differed between groups (p = 0·031). This difference was subsequently lost. Treatment was safe. In patients with lemon juice supplementation gastrointestinal disorders were more frequent (p<0·001). Renal and urinary tract disorders were similar between groups (p = 0·103). INTERPRETATION: Explorative analyses suggest that fresh lemon juice supplementation to standard diet might prevent stone recurrence in patients with calcium-oxalate nephrolithiasis. However, treatment effect was likely reduced by progressively declining adherence to lemon juice supplementation. FUNDING: This study received no funding.

C5a and C5aR1 are key drivers of microvascular platelet aggregation in clinical entities spanning from aHUS to COVID-19.

Unrestrained activation of the complement system till the terminal products, C5a and C5b-9, plays a pathogenetic role in acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. In endothelial cells, complement hyperactivation may translate into cell dysfunction, favoring thrombus formation. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of the C5a/C5aR1 axis as opposed to C5b-9 in inducing endothelial dysfunction and loss of antithrombogenic properties. In vitro and ex vivo assays with serum from patients with atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS), a prototype rare disease of complement-mediated microvascular thrombosis due to genetically determined alternative pathway dysregulation, and cultured microvascular endothelial cells, demonstrated that the C5a/C5aR1 axis is a key player in endothelial thromboresistance loss. C5a added to normal human serum fully recapitulated the prothrombotic effects of aHUS serum. Mechanistic studies showed that C5a caused RalA-mediated exocytosis of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and P-selectin from Weibel-Palade bodies, which favored further vWF binding on the endothelium and platelet adhesion and aggregation. In patients with severe COVID-19 who suffered from acute activation of complement triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, we found the same C5a-dependent pathogenic mechanisms. These results highlight C5a/C5aR1 as a common prothrombogenic effector spanning from genetic rare diseases to viral infections, and it may have clinical implications. Selective C5a/C5aR1 blockade could have advantages over C5 inhibition because the former preserves the formation of C5b-9, which is critical for controlling bacterial infections that often develop as comorbidities in severely ill patients. The ACCESS trial registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02464891 accounts for the results related to aHUS patients treated with CCX168.

Preventing microalbuminuria with benazepril, valsartan, and benazepril-valsartan combination therapy in diabetic patients with high-normal albuminuria: A prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) study.

BACKGROUND: Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) prevent microalbuminuria in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients. We assessed whether combined therapy with the 2 medications may prevent microalbuminuria better than ACE inhibitor or ARB monotherapy. METHODS AND FINDINGS: VARIETY was a prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded endpoint (PROBE) trial evaluating whether, at similar blood pressure (BP) control, combined therapy with benazepril (10 mg/day) and valsartan (160 mg/day) would prevent microalbuminuria more effectively than benazepril (20 mg/day) or valsartan (320 mg/day) monotherapy in 612 type 2 diabetic patients with high-normal albuminuria included between July 2007 and April 2013 by the Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS and 8 diabetology or nephrology units in Italy. Time to progression to microalbuminuria was the primary outcome. Analyses were intention to treat. Baseline characteristics were similar among groups. During a median [interquartile range, IQR] follow-up of 66 [42 to 83] months, 53 patients (27.0%) on combination therapy, 57 (28.1%) on benazepril, and 64 (31.8%) on valsartan reached microalbuminuria. Using an accelerated failure time model, the estimated acceleration factors were 1.410 (95% CI: 0.806 to 2.467, P = 0.229) for benazepril compared to combination therapy, 0.799 (95% CI: 0.422 to 1.514, P = 0.492) for benazepril compared to valsartan, and 1.665 (95% CI: 1.007 to 2.746, P = 0.047) for valsartan compared to combination therapy. Between-group differences in estimated acceleration factors were nonsignificant after adjustment for predefined confounders. BP control was similar across groups. All treatments were safe and tolerated well, with a slight excess of hyperkalemia and hypotension in the combination therapy group. The main study limitation was the lower than expected albuminuria at inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Risk/benefit profile of study treatments was similar. Dual renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade is not recommended as compared to benazepril or valsartan monotherapy for prevention of microalbuminuria in normoalbuminuric type 2 diabetic patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION: EudraCT 2006-005954-62; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00503152.

Accelerating the Depletion of Circulating Anti-Phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibodies in Patients with Severe Membranous Nephropathy: Preliminary Findings with Double Filtration Plasmapheresis and Ofatumumab.

Patients with membranous nephropathy (MN) and persistent nephrotic syndrome (NS) are at increased risk of -progression to end-stage renal disease. The discovery of -autoantibodies against the podocyte-expressed M-type phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) provided a clear pathophysiological rationale for interventions targeting the B-cell lineage to prevent antibody production and subepithelial immune-complex deposition. The anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies, rituximab and ofatumumab, are safe and achieve remission of NS in approximately two-thirds of patients with MN. In patients with PLA2R-related MN, remission can be predicted by anti-PLA2R antibody depletion, and faster depletion is associated with earlier reduction of proteinuria and improved nephroprotection. Selective apheresis methods, such as double-filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP), may accelerate the clearance of autoreactive antibodies and at the same time avoid the side effects of plasma-exchange. In this preliminary, explorative, proof-of-concept study, we observed that in patients with PLA2R-related MN, NS and high antibody levels, ofatumumab-induced B-cell depletion followed by DFPP accelerated anti-PLA2R depletion compared to anti-CD20 monotherapy. This therapeutic regimen was safe and well tolerated. These observations may provide the background for controlled trials aimed at formally testing whether the addition of DFPP to anti-CD20 therapy could offer a novel therapeutic option, especially for patients with more severe MN.

Effects of valsartan, benazepril and their combination in overt nephropathy of type 2 diabetes: A prospective, randomized, controlled trial.

AIMS: To evaluate whether angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor and angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) combination therapy is more nephroprotective than ACE inhibitor or ARB monotherapy in people with type 2 diabetes and overt nephropathy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this prospective, randomized, open, blind-endpoint phase III trial sponsored by the Italian Drug Agency, 103 consenting patients with type 2 diabetes, aged >40 years, with serum creatinine levels 159 to 309 µmol/L, spot morning urinary albumin-creatinine ratio > 1000 mg/g (or > 500 mg/g in those on ACE inhibitor or ARB therapy at inclusion) were stratified by centre and randomized to 4.5-year treatment with valsartan 320 mg/d (n = 36), benazepril 20 mg/d (n = 34) or halved doses of both medications (n = 33). The primary endpoint was end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Modified intention-to-treat analyses were performed. RESULTS: Recruitment took place between June 2007 and February 2013 at 10 centres in Italy and one in Slovenia. A total of 77 participants completed the study and 26 were prematurely withdrawn. During a median (interquartile range) of 41 (18-54) months, 12 participants on benazepril (35.3%) and nine on combination therapy (27.3%) progressed to ESRD, versus five on valsartan (13.9%). Differences between benazepril (hazard ratio [HR] 3.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.25-10.30; P = 0.018) or combination therapy (HR 3.28, 95% CI 1.07-10.0; P = 0.038) and valsartan were significant, even after adjustment for age, gender and baseline serum creatinine, systolic blood pressure and 24-hour proteinuria (HR 5.16, 95% CI 1.50-17.75, P = 0.009 and HR 4.75, 95% CI 1.01-22.39, P = 0.049, respectively). Adverse events were distributed similarly among the groups. CONCLUSIONS: In people with type 2 diabetes with nephropathy, valsartan (320 mg/d) safely postponed ESRD more effectively than benazepril (20 mg/d) or than halved doses of both medications.

Toward longitudinal studies of hemodynamically induced vessel wall remodeling.

INTRODUCTION:: Autogenous arteriovenous fistula is the preferred vascular access for hemodialysis, but it has high rates of non-maturation and early failure due to vascular stenosis. Convincing evidence supports a key role of local hemodynamics in vascular remodeling, suggesting that unsteady and disturbed flow conditions may be related to stenosis formation in arteriovenous fistula. The purpose of our study was to explore the feasibility of coupling contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging and computational fluid dynamics in longitudinal studies to identify the role of local hemodynamic changes over time in inducing vessel wall remodeling in arteriovenous fistula. METHODS:: We acquired contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging of arm vasculature at 1 week and 6 weeks after arteriovenous fistula creation in a 72-year-old patient. We then generated three-dimensional models and evaluated lumen cross-sectional area of arteriovenous fistula limbs. We performed high-resolution computational fluid dynamics to evaluate changes in local hemodynamics over time. RESULTS:: Our contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging protocol provided good quality images in a short scan duration. We observed a homogeneous dilatation in the proximal artery, while there was a more pronounced lumen dilatation in the venous outflow as compared to a limited dilatation in the juxta-anastomotic vein. Furthermore, we observed a slight stabilization of the flow pattern over time, suggesting that vascular outward remodeling accommodates the flow to a more helicoidally phenotype. CONCLUSION:: Coupling contrast-free magnetic resonance imaging and high-resolution computational fluid dynamics represents a promising approach to shed more light in the mechanisms of vascular remodeling and can be used for prospective clinical investigations aimed at identifying critical hemodynamic factors contributing to arteriovenous fistula failure.

Clinical use of computational modeling for surgical planning of arteriovenous fistula for hemodialysis.

BACKGROUND: Autogenous arteriovenous fistula (AVF) is the best vascular access (VA) for hemodialysis, but its creation is still a critical procedure. Physical examination, vascular mapping and doppler ultrasound (DUS) evaluation are recommended for AVF planning, but they can not provide direct indication on AVF outcome. We recently developed and validated in a clinical trial a patient-specific computational model to predict pre-operatively the blood flow volume (BFV) in AVF for different surgical configuration on the basis of demographic, clinical and DUS data. In the present investigation we tested power of prediction and usability of the computational model in routine clinical setting. METHODS: We developed a web-based system (AVF.SIM) that integrates the computational model in a single procedure, including data collection and transfer, simulation management and data storage. A usability test on observational data was designed to compare predicted vs. measured BFV and evaluate the acceptance of the system in the clinical setting. Six Italian nephrology units were involved in the evaluation for a 6-month period that included all incident dialysis patients with indication for AVF surgery. RESULTS: Out of the 74 patients, complete data from 60 patients were included in the final dataset. Predicted brachial BFV at 40 days after surgery showed a good correlation with measured values (in average 787 ± 306 vs. 751 ± 267 mL/min, R = 0.81, p < 0.001). For distal AVFs the mean difference (±SD) between predicted vs. measured BFV was -2.0 ± 20.9%, with 50% of predicted values in the range of 86-121% of measured BFV. Feedbacks provided by clinicians indicate that AVF.SIM is easy to use and well accepted in clinical routine, with limited additional workload. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical use of computational modeling for AVF surgical planning can help the surgeon to select the best surgical strategy, reducing AVF early failures and complications. This approach allows individualization of VA care, with the aim to reduce the costs associated with VA dysfunction, and to improve AVF clinical outcome.

Renal and Systemic Effects of Calorie Restriction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes With Abdominal Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

In individuals with type 2 diabetes with abdominal obesity, hyperfiltration is a risk factor for accelerated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) decline and nephropathy. In this academic, single-center, parallel-group, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded end point trial, consenting patients with type 2 diabetes aged >18 years, with waist circumference >94 (males) or >80 (females) cm, serum creatinine <1.2 mg/dL, and normoalbuminuria were randomized (1:1) with permuted blocks to 6 months of a 25% calorie restricted (CR) or standard diet (SD). Primary outcome was measured GFR (iohexol plasma clearance). Analyses were by modified intention to treat. At 6 months, GFR significantly decreased in 34 patients on CR and did not change appreciably in 36 on SD. Changes were significantly different between the groups. GFR and body weight reduction were correlated. GFR reduction was larger in hyperfiltering (GFR >120 mL/min) than nonhyperfiltering patients and was associated with BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, heart rate, HbA1c, blood glucose, LDL-to-HDL cholesterol ratio, C-reactive protein, angiotensin II, and albuminuria reduction and with increased glucose disposal rate (measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps). Protein and sodium intake and concomitant treatments were similar between the groups. CR was tolerated well. In patients with type 2 diabetes with abdominal obesity, CR ameliorates glomerular hyperfiltration, insulin sensitivity, and other cardiovascular risk factors, effects that might translate into long-term nephro- and cardioprotection.

Validation of a patient-specific hemodynamic computational model for surgical planning of vascular access in hemodialysis patients.

Vascular access dysfunction is one of the main causes of morbidity and hospitalization in hemodialysis patients. This major clinical problem points out the need for prediction of hemodynamic changes induced by vascular access surgery. Here we reviewed the potential of a patient-specific computational vascular network model that includes vessel wall remodeling to predict blood flow change within 6 weeks after surgery for different arteriovenous fistula configurations. For model validation, we performed a multicenter, prospective clinical study to collect longitudinal data on arm vasculature before and after surgery. Sixty-three patients with newly created arteriovenous fistula were included in the validation data set and divided into four groups based on fistula configuration. Predicted brachial artery blood flow volumes 40 days after surgery had a significantly high correlation with measured values. Deviation of predicted from measured brachial artery blood flow averaged 3% with a root mean squared error of 19.5%, showing that the computational tool reliably predicted patient-specific blood flow increase resulting from vascular access surgery and subsequent vascular adaptation. This innovative approach may help the surgeon to plan the most appropriate fistula configuration to optimize access blood flow for hemodialysis, potentially reducing the incidence of vascular access dysfunctions and the need of patient hospitalization.

Effects of manidipine and delapril in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: the delapril and manidipine for nephroprotection in diabetes (DEMAND) randomized clinical trial.

To assess whether angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and third-generation dihydropyridine calcium channel blockers ameliorate diabetic complications, we compared glomerular filtration rate (GFR; primary outcome), cardiovascular events, retinopathy, and neuropathy in 380 hypertensive type 2 diabetics with albuminuria <200 mg/min included in a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (DEMAND [Delapril and Manidipine for Nephroprotection in Diabetes]) and randomized to 3-year treatment with manidipine/delapril combination (10/30 mg/d; n=126), delapril (30 mg/d; n=127), or placebo (n=127). GFR was centrally measured by iohexol plasma clearance. Median monthly GFR decline (interquartile range [IQR]) was 0.32 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (IQR: 0.16-0.50 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) on combined therapy, 0.36 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (IQR: 0.18-0.53 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) on delapril, and 0.30 mL/min per 1.73 m(2) (IQR: 0.12-0.50 mL/min per 1.73 m(2)) on placebo (P=0.87 and P=0.53 versus combined therapy or delapril, respectively). Similar findings were observed when baseline GFR values were not considered for slope analyses. Albuminuria was stable in the 3 treatment groups. The hazard ratio (95% CI) for major cardiovascular events between combined therapy and placebo was 0.17 (0.04-0.78; P=0.023). Among 192 subjects without retinopathy at inclusion, the hazard ratio for developing retinopathy between combined therapy and placebo was 0.27 (0.07-0.99; P=0.048). Among 200 subjects with centralized neurological evaluation, the odds ratios for peripheral neuropathy at 3 years between combined therapy or delapril and placebo were 0.45 (0.24-0.87; P=0.017) and 0.52 (0.27-0.99; P=0.048), respectively. Glucose disposal rate decreased from 5.8±2.4 to 5.3±1.9 mg/kg per min on placebo (P=0.03) but did not change on combined or delapril therapy. Treatment was well tolerated. In hypertensive type 2 diabetic patients, combined manidipine and delapril therapy failed to slow GFR decline but safely ameliorated cardiovascular disease, retinopathy, and neuropathy and stabilized insulin sensitivity.

A phase 1, single-dose study of fresolimumab, an anti-TGF-ß antibody, in treatment-resistant primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.

Primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) is a disease with poor prognosis and high unmet therapeutic need. Here, we evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of single-dose infusions of fresolimumab, a human monoclonal antibody that inactivates all forms of transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), in a phase I open-label, dose-ranging study. Patients with biopsy-confirmed, treatment-resistant, primary FSGS with a minimum estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 25 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), and a urine protein to creatinine ratio over 1.8 mg/mg were eligible. All 16 patients completed the study in which each received one of four single-dose levels of fresolimumab (up to 4 mg/kg) and was followed for 112 days. Fresolimumab was well tolerated with pustular rash the only adverse event in two patients. One patient was diagnosed with a histologically confirmed primitive neuroectodermal tumor 2 years after fresolimumab treatment. Consistent with treatment-resistant FSGS, there was a slight decline in eGFR (median decline baseline to final of 5.85 ml/min per 1.73 m(2)). Proteinuria fluctuated during the study with the median decline from baseline to final in urine protein to creatinine ratio of 1.2 mg/mg with all three Black patients having a mean decline of 3.6 mg/mg. The half-life of fresolimumab was ∼14 days, and the mean dose-normalized Cmax and area under the curve were independent of dose. Thus, single-dose fresolimumab was well tolerated in patients with primary resistant FSGS. Additional evaluation in a larger dose-ranging study is necessary.

Effects of add-on fluvastatin therapy in patients with chronic proteinuric nephropathy on dual renin-angiotensin system blockade: the ESPLANADE trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This open, prospective, randomized trial aimed to assess the effects of statins in chronic kidney disease patients on optimized antiproteinuric treatment with combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition and angiotensin receptor blockade. DESIGN, SETTING, PARTICIPANTS, & MEASUREMENTS: After 1-month benazepril therapy followed by 1-month benazepril-valsartan combined therapy (run-in), 186 consenting patients with residual proteinuria >0.5 g/24 h were randomized to 6-month benazepril-valsartan therapy alone or combined with fluvastatin. Between-groups changes in proteinuria (primary outcome), serum lipids, and GFR were compared by ANCOVA. Analyses were blinded and by intention to treat. RESULTS: During the run-in, proteinuria decreased more on benazepril-valsartan than on benazepril alone. Proteinuria reduction correlated with concomitant reduction in total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B and apolipoprotein A levels. After randomization, median proteinuria similarly decreased from 1.2 (0.6 to 2.2) to 1.1 (0.5 to 1.7) g/24 h on fluvastatin and from 1.5 (0.8 to 2.7) to 1.0 (0.5 to 2.4) g/24 h on benazapril-valsartan therapy alone. Fluvastatin further reduced total and LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B versus benazepril-valsartan alone, but did not affect serum triglycerides and GFR. Treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: In chronic kidney disease patients with residual proteinuria despite combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor and angiotensin receptor blockade therapy, add-on fluvastatin does not affect urinary proteins, but further reduces serum lipids and is safe. Whether combined angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, angiotensin receptor blockade, and statin therapy may improve cardiovascular outcomes in this high-risk population is worth investigating.

Effects of combined ezetimibe and simvastatin therapy as compared with simvastatin alone in patients with type 2 diabetes: a prospective randomized double-blind clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of inhibited gastrointestinal cholesterol absorption in statin-treated dyslipidemic patients. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In a multicenter prospective randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial, we primarily compared by ANCOVA the effect of 2-month ezetimibe (10 mg/day) or placebo therapy on LDL cholesterol serum levels in 108 type 2 diabetic patients with albuminuria <200 microg/min and total cholesterol concentrations >135 mg/dl despite simvastatin treatment (40 mg/day). RESULTS: Unlike placebo, ezetimibe decreased LDL cholesterol from 99 +/- 31 to 66 +/- 22 mg/dl, total cholesterol from 162 +/- 36 to 124 +/- 30 mg/dl, and apolipoprotein B from 83 +/- 22 to 64 +/- 18 mg/dl (P < 0.0001 for all changes versus placebo). A total of 72 and 17% of patients on ezetimibe or placebo achieved LDL levels <70 mg/dl, respectively (P < 0.0001). Treatment was well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Adding ezetimibe to simvastatin therapy helps to improve the pro-atherogenic lipoprotein profile in type 2 diabetic patients who fail to reach recommended lipid targets with statin therapy alone.

The Bergamo Kidney Transplant Program.

Since the beginning of transplant activities in 1989, the Kidney Transplant Center at the Ospedali Riuniti Bergamo has based its clinical program on the most recent achievements of transplant medicine, in order to optimize the outcome of kidney grafts and improve the quality of life of kidney transplant recipients. Although the transplantation community attempts to keep up with increasing demand for transplantable organs, the supply continues to fall far short of the need. This observation prompted us to focus on the expansion of the available pool of deceased donor organs. In 1997, we established a dual kidney transplant program for donors older than 60 years based on a pretransplant histology protocol with a scoring system ranging from low-dose RATG and delayed CsA administration has been successfully adopted in this population of kidney transplant recipients in our routine clinic practice. In kidney transplantation, chronic deterioration of renal function and death with a functioning graft, mainly due to side effects of the medications, represents a major limitation for long-term success of many transplant programs. We recently documented that per-protocol biopsy more than one year after kidney transplantation is a safe procedure to guide change of conventional immunosuppressive regimens and to lower the risk of major drug-related side effects. In particular, substantial reduction of the CsA dose, leading to extremely low CsA trough level, has no major detrimental effect on renal function and histology during 3 years follow-up, while patients remain free of rejection episodes with concomitant steroid and azathioprine therapy. Novel induction therapies with Campath-1H or Simulect and low-RATG have also helped to minimize maintenance immunosuppression in most patients largely avoiding the use of corticosteroids, Monitoring a patient's exposure to immunosuppressive agents is a critical issue in a minimum of 0 (no renal lesions) to a maximum of 12 (marked changes in renal parenchyma). The assumptions of the proposed algorithm to guide acceptance of single suboptimal or dual marginal kidneys for transplantation were validated in a prospective pilot study involving centers in Europe and North America. Whether the encouraging short-term data translate into improved graft survival is currently a matter of investigation in a prospective, multicenter, matched-cohort trial. As kidneys from marginal donors have an increased risk of delayed graft function, we also studied strategies to manage and prevent this complication. A dual immunosuppressive regimen of basiliximab and transplantation. By pharmacokinetics studies, we documented that a fixed dose regimen of MMF--adopted in the majority of transplant units worldwide--might no longer be the best approach for the management of transplant patients, and MPA pharmacokinetic monitoring is advised. Similarly, we reported pharmacokinetic interaction of concomitant immunosuppression on blood levels of the new immunosuppressant sirolimus. We have a special multiorgan transplant program at our center for patients affected by rare diseases, such as the recurrent hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Based on genotyping for complement factor H-1, membrane co-factor protein or factor I gene mutations, we are exploring the possibility of combining liver and renal transplant or performing renal transplant alone in patients with recurrent HUS who have end-stage renal disease. The achievements of our clinical center are the result of the continuous support by an intense clinical and basic research program. This has allowed us to create a unique model to address the major challenges of transplant medicine.