Biliary Dyskinesia: Fact or fiction?

Nearly 20,000 pediatric patients undergo cholecystectomy annually, and abnormal gallbladder emptying ("biliary dyskinesia") has replaced cholelithiasis as the leading indication for this operation in the USA. Nonetheless, patients with abnormal gallbladder emptying nuclear medicine scans do not uniformly benefit from cholecystectomy. This article reviews the available data on presentation, workup and treatment of patients with abnormally low and high rates of gallbladder emptying.

Guidelines for the management of postoperative soiling in children with Hirschsprung disease.

Although most children with Hirschsprung disease ultimately achieve functional and comfortable stooling, some will experience a variety of problems after pull-through surgery. The most common problems include soiling, obstructive symptoms, enterocolitis, and failure to thrive. The purpose of this guideline is to present a rational approach to the management of postoperative soiling in children with Hirschsprung disease. The American Pediatric Surgical Association Hirschsprung Disease Interest Group engaged in a literature review and group discussions. Expert consensus was then used to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding causes, methods of diagnosis, and treatment approaches to children with soiling symptoms following pull-through for Hirschsprung disease. Causes of soiling after pull-through are broadly categorized as abnormalities in sensation, abnormalities in sphincter control, and "pseudo-incontinence." A stepwise algorithm for the diagnosis and management of soiling after a pull-through for Hirschsprung disease is presented; it is our hope that this rational approach will facilitate treatment and optimize outcomes.

The impact of obesity on 30-day complications in pediatric surgery.

PURPOSE: To examine the effects of obesity on specialty-specific surgical outcomes in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, Pediatric, 2012-2014. Patients included those aged 2-17 years who underwent a surgical procedure in one of six specialties. Obesity was the primary patient variable of interest. Outcomes of interest were postoperative complications and operative times. Odds ratios for development of postoperative complications were calculated using stepwise multivariate regression analysis. RESULTS: Obesity was associated with a significantly greater risk of wound complications (OR 1.24, 95% CI 1.13-1.36), but decreased risk of non-wound complications (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.63-0.73) and morbidity (OR 0.79, 95% CI 0.75-0.84). Obesity was not a significant factor in predicting postoperative complications in patients undergoing otolaryngology or plastic surgery procedures. Anesthesia times and operative times were significantly longer for obese patients undergoing most types of pediatric surgical procedures. CONCLUSION: Obesity confers an increased risk of wound complications in some pediatric surgical specialties and is associated with overall decreased non-wound complications and morbidity. These findings suggest that the relationship between obesity and postoperative complications is complex and may be more dependent on underlying procedure- or specialty-related factors than previously suspected.

Guidelines for the management of postoperative obstructive symptoms in children with Hirschsprung disease.

Although most children with Hirschsprung disease ultimately do well, many experience a variety of ongoing problems after pull-through surgery. The most common include obstructive symptoms, soiling, enterocolitis and failure to thrive. The purpose of this guideline is to present a rational approach to the management of postoperative obstructive symptoms in children with Hirschsprung disease. The American Pediatric Surgical Association Board of Governors established a Hirschsprung Disease Interest Group. Group discussions, literature review and expert consensus were then used to summarize the current state of knowledge regarding causes, methods of diagnosis, and treatment approaches to children with obstructive symptoms following pull-through for Hirschsprung disease. Causes of obstructive symptoms post-pull-through include mechanical obstruction; persistent or acquired aganglionosis, hypoganglionosis, or transition zone pull-through; internal sphincter achalasia; disordered motility in the proximal intestine that contains ganglion cells; or functional megacolon caused by stool-holding behavior. An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of obstructive symptoms after a pull-through for Hirschsprung disease is presented. A stepwise, logical approach to the diagnosis and management of patients experiencing obstructive symptoms following pull-through for Hirschsprung disease can facilitate treatment. Level of evidence V.