Design and feasibility of an implementation strategy to address Chagas guidelines engagement focused on attending women of childbearing age and children at the primary healthcare level in Argentina: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Chagas is a public health problem, especially in Latin America, exacerbated by migratory movements and increasing urbanization. Argentina is among the countries with the highest estimated prevalence in the region, with 1,500,000 people infected, with mother to child as the main mode of transmission. Vertical transmission has been significantly reduced by treating women of childbearing age; several guidelines in the region recommend treatment as a primary prevention strategy for the child and a secondary prevention strategy for women and their families. Despite recommendations, women of childbearing age are not always treated, and children do not receive timely diagnosis and treatment. The objective of this research was to design an implementation strategy to improve using Chagas guidelines focused on attending women of childbearing age and children at the primary healthcare level and pilot it in three primary health care centers in Argentina. METHODS: We conducted a pilot feasibility study using the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. A qualitative process evaluation was conducted using semi-structured interviews with health care providers and observations in primary health care centers. RESULTS: We developed a multifaceted implementation strategy including training, flowcharts and reminders, a register of suspected and confirmed cases, and the selection of a management facilitator. The pilot study took place between September 2019 and May 2020. The implementation level was heterogeneous and varied depending on the components, being the facilitating factors, the simplicity of the intervention, professionals' willingness to expand the indication of serologic tests, and staff commitment to the adoption of intervention components. The main barriers found were the change of authorities at the local level, some professionals´ reluctance to administer etiological treatment, staff shortages, lack of diagnostic supplies, and the health emergency caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral change strategies should be applied to improve implementation to address some of the main barriers, including support actions offered by opinion leaders, medical experts, and local health authorities. Rapid diagnostic tests should be readily available to maintain behavior changes. We suggest further refinement of the strategy and its implementation in more centers to assess outcomes prospectively with a hybrid implementation research design.

Abordaje de la enfermedad de Chagas en el primer nivel de atención: investigación cualitativa en una zona endémica de Argentina / Addressing Chagas disease in Primary Care: qualitative research in an endemic area of Argentina / Abordagem da doença de Chagas na Atenção Primária: pesquisa qualitativa em uma Área Endêmica da Argentina

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la percepción de equipos de salud de atención en primer nivel y público objetivo acerca de facilitadores y barreras para el abordaje de Chagas a partir de una intervención multifacética, en una zona endémica. Se realizaron 12 entrevistas semiestructuradas y grupos focales en Centros de Atención Primaria en Resistencia, Chaco. El estudio fue guiado por el Marco Consolidado para la Investigación de la Implementación. Los profesionales tuvieron una impresión positiva de la intervención pero mostraron preocupación acerca de la factibilidad. Los profesionales perciben un número excesivo de programas, pocos insumos y recursos humanos, insuficiente capacitación, material informativo desactualizado, trabas burocrática para pedido de insumos y medicación; asimismo perciben falta de vinculación en niveles de atención y fragmentación de registros. Esta investigación contribuiría a la adaptación de intervenciones según barreras y facilitadores existentes.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of the healthcare teams and target population about the facilitators and barriers to address Chagas disease in primary level in an endemic area in Argentina. Twelve semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted in Primary Health Care Centres in Resistencia, Chaco. The study was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research. While professionals had a positive perception of the proposed intervention to address Chagas, they showed concern about complexity and feasibility. Professionals perceive an excessive number of programs, limited material and resources, a lack of training in Chagas, outdated information material, bureaucratic obstacles to requesting supplies and medication, unrelated levels of care and fragmented records on Chagas. This research would contribute to the design of interventions that can be adapted to the existing barriers and facilitators.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a percepção das equipes de saúde e da população alvo sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras para enfrentar a doença de Chagas ao nível primário em uma área endêmica na Argentina. Foram realizadas 12 entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos focais em Centros de Saúde Primários em Resistencia, Chaco. O estudo foi orientado pelo Quadro Consolidado de Pesquisa para Implementação. Os profissionais tiveram uma percepção positiva da intervenção proposta para abordar o Chagas, mas mostraram preocupação com a sua complexidade e viabilidade. Os profissionais percebem um número excessivo de programas, material e recursos limitados, falta de treinamento em Chagas, material informativo desatualizado, obstáculos burocráticos para solicitar suprimentos e medicamentos, níveis de cuidados não relacionados e registros fragmentados sobre Chagas. Esta investigação contribuiria para a concepção de intervenções que possam ser adaptadas às barreiras e facilitadores existentes.(AU)

[Problems of the health system in Mexican states with high incidence of maternal mortality]. / Problemas del sistema de salud en estados de México con alta incidencia de mortalidad materna.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and prioritize problems in states' health systems which limit the efficacy of interventions to prevent maternal mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We made a conceptual mapping of priority problems perceived as such by communities of practice (COP) in four states with high ratios of maternal mortality in Mexico. Then, the four COP reviewed the literature and refined their formulation of previously identified problems. RESULTS: Priority problems focused on emergency obstetric care (EmOC), specifically: inadequate financial resources (Guerrero), substandard training among available EmOC providers (State of Mexico), inefficiencies in existing EmOC networks (Oaxaca) and inadequate knowledge of, and/or compliance to, standard EmOC protocols (Veracruz). The literature review confirmed the pertinence of problems previously identified by COP through conceptual mapping. CONCLUSIONS. The four COP showed a high level of congruency between their original perception of problems in the states' health systems and international scientific evidence. Identified problems and their reformulation based on evidence help identify solutions adaptable to local contexts.

Problemas del sistema de salud en estados de México con alta incidencia de mortalidad materna / Problems of the health system in Mexican states with high incidence of maternal mortality

OBJETIVO: Identificar y priorizar problemas de los sistemas estatales de salud que limitan la eficacia de las intervenciones para prevenir la mortalidad materna. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un mapeo conceptual de los problemas prioritarios percibidos por comunidades de práctica (Cop) en estados con alta incidencia de mortalidad materna. Posteriormente, las Cop revisaron la literatura médica para contrastar los problemas identificados. RESULTADOS: Los problemas priorizados por las Cop se enfocaron en la atención de la emergencia obstétrica (AEO), específicamente en recursos financieros y desabasto de insumos (Guerrero), falta de capacitación del personal para atender la EO (Estado de México), ineficiencia de las redes obstétricas (Oaxaca) y desconocimiento y falta de adherencia a protocolos de AEO (Veracruz). La revisión de literatura médica confirmó la pertinencia de los problemas identificados mediante el mapeo conceptual. CONCLUSIÓN: Las Cop pusieron en evidencia un alto grado de congruencia entre la percepción de los problemas de los sistemas estatales de salud y la evidencia científica internacional. Los problemas identificados y reformulados con base en la evidencia facilitan la identificación de soluciones apropiadas.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and prioritize problems in states' health systems which limit the efficacy of interventions to prevent maternal mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We made a conceptual mapping of priority problems perceived as such by communities of practice (COP) in four states with high ratios of maternal mortality in Mexico. Then, the four COP reviewed the literature and refined their formulation of previously identified problems. RESULTS: Priority problems focused on emergency obstetric care (EmOC), specifically: inadequate financial resources (Guerrero), substandard training among available EmOC providers (State of Mexico), inefficiencies in existing EmOC networks (Oaxaca) and inadequate knowledge of, and/or compliance to, standard EmOC protocols (Veracruz). The literature review confirmed the pertinence of problems previously identified by COP through conceptual mapping. CONCLUSIONS. The four COP showed a high level of congruency between their original perception of problems in the states' health systems and international scientific evidence. Identified problems and their reformulation based on evidence help identify solutions adaptable to local contexts.

Mapping of health system functions to strengthen priority programs. The case of maternal health in Mexico.

BACKGROUND: Health system strengthening is critical to ensure the integration and scaling-up of priority health promotion, disease prevention and control programs. Normative guidelines are available to address health system function imbalances while strategic and analytical frameworks address critical functions in complex systems. Tacit knowledge-based health system constructs can help identify actors' perspectives, contributing to improve strengthening strategies. Using maternal health as an example, this paper maps and analyses the health system functions that critical actors charged with formulating and delivering priority health programs consider important for their success. METHODS: Using concept mapping qualitative and statistical methods, health system functions were mapped for different categories of actors in high maternal mortality states of Mexico and at the federal level. Functions within and across maps were analyzed for degree of classification, importance, feasibility and coding. RESULTS: Hospital infrastructure and human resource training are the most prominent functions in the maternal health system, associated to federal efforts to support emergency obstetric care. Health policy is a highly diffuse function while program development, intercultural and community participation and social networks are clearly stated although less focused and with lower perceived importance. The importance of functions is less correlated between federal and state decision makers, between federal decision makers and reproductive health/local health area program officers and between state decision makers and system-wide support officers. Two sets of oppositions can be observed in coding across functions: health sector vs. social context; and given structures vs. manageable processes. CONCLUSIONS: Concept mapping enabled the identification of critical functions constituting adaptive maternal health systems, including aspects of actor perspectives that are seldom included in normative and analytical frameworks. Important areas of divergence across actors' perceptions were identified to target capacity strengthening efforts towards better integrated, performing health systems.

[Problem mapping by state and federal actors for maternal health attention]. / Mapeo de problemas para la atención a la salud materna por actores estatales y federales.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of problems in the health system that present barriers to maternal care, according to their representation and rating by officials in different positions and social contexts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Workshops were held with state health system officials from Mexican states with high maternal mortality (Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz) as well as with federal officials. A total of 99 health system problems were identified. Using concept mapping, 94 officials rated problems according to importance and feasibility; they were grouped into issues. Data was analyzed according to state/federal levels and the responsibilities of participants. The association was measured between responsibility profile/social context and priority issues. RESULTS: The issues of highest priority for maternal health care are infrastructure, personnel hiring and financial resources. The importance of certain issues depends on context and, to an extent, on the actors' responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among actors to address the principal maternal health problems in Mexico. Important differences correspond to context. The usefulness of concept mapping to analyze problems was demonstrated.

Mapeo de problemas para la atención a la salud materna por actores estatales y federales / Problem mapping by state and federal actors for maternal health attention

OBJETIVO: Analizar las características de problemas del sistema de salud que obstaculizan la atención materna, según los representan y califican funcionarios en diversos puestos y contextos sociales. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se realizaron talleres con funcionarios de estados de alta mortalidad materna en México (México, Guerrero, Oaxaca y Veracruz) y a nivel federal. Se identificaron 99 problemas en los sistemas de salud. Utilizando mapeo conceptual, 94 funcionarios calificaron los problemas según importancia y factibilidad y se agruparon en regiones. Se analizaron los datos según estado/federación y responsabilidades de los participantes. Se midió la asociación entre perfil/contexto y la priorización de las regiones. RESULTADOS: Las regiones de alta prioridad para la atención materna son infraestructura, contratación de personal y recursos financieros. La importancia de algunas regiones depende del contexto social, aunque también en parte del perfil de responsabilidades de los actores. CONCLUSIONES: Existe consenso entre actores para enfrentar los principales problemas de salud materna en México. Diferencias importantes se deben a diversos contextos. Se demostró la utilidad del mapeo conceptual para el análisis de problemas.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the characteristics of problems in the health system that present barriers to maternal care, according to their representation and rating by officials in different positions and social contexts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Workshops were held with state health system officials from Mexican states with high maternal mortality (Mexico, Guerrero, Oaxaca and Veracruz) as well as with federal officials. A total of 99 health system problems were identified. Using concept mapping, 94 officials rated problems according to importance and feasibility; they were grouped into issues. Data was analyzed according to state/federal levels and the responsibilities of participants. The association was measured between responsibility profile/social context and priority issues. RESULTS: The issues of highest priority for maternal health care are infrastructure, personnel hiring and financial resources. The importance of certain issues depends on context and, to an extent, on the actors' responsibilities. CONCLUSIONS: There is consensus among actors to address the principal maternal health problems in Mexico. Important differences correspond to context. The usefulness of concept mapping to analyze problems was demonstrated.

First steps toward successful communication about sexual health between adolescents and parents in Mexico.

In this article reporting on our qualitative study, we describe changes in parent-adolescent sexual health communication following an intervention for parents of 10th graders in Mexico. The intervention was aimed to sensitize and develop skills for appropriate parent-child communication about the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), unplanned pregnancy, and birth control, and focused on encouraging condom use with emergency contraception backup. We conducted 66 in-depth interviews with adolescents and parents after the intervention. Following the principals of grounded theory, we carried out inductive analysis to create codes and organize central themes. Our findings identify previously undefined critical steps or movements important for parent-child communication about sex. When parents are sensitized to the risks their adolescent children face, it is easier to initiate communication about prevention. These initial movements are essential to achieve substantive conversation, and must be considered in future strategies that aim to promote parent-adolescent communication about sexuality and the prevention of STIs and unplanned pregnancy.