A population-based study of the outcome after small bowel atresia/stenosis in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory, Australia, 1992-2003.

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to describe the incidence, epidemiology, and survival of infants with small bowel atresia/stenosis in New South Wales (NSW) and the Australian Capital Territory (ACT), Australia. METHODS: A population-based cohort study was conducted of infants diagnosed with small bowel atresia/stenosis in NSW and the ACT from 1992 to 2003. Data were obtained from the prospectively collated NSW and ACT Neonatal Intensive Care Units' data collection. Individual risk factors for mortality were assessed using the chi(2) test. RESULTS: The incidence of small bowel atresia/stenosis in NSW and the ACT was 2.9 per 10,000 births. Of 299 infants identified with small bowel atresia, 13 were stillborn. Of the 286 live born infants, most (52%) were delivered preterm (<37 weeks' gestation) with an 87% survival, whereas 48% were term with a 98% survival. More than half the infants (54%) had an associated birth defect. The overall mortality was 8%. Prematurity and low birth weight were identified as independent risk factors for mortality (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: This study of small bowel atresia/stenosis provides population-based outcomes for clinicians and families. It is important to investigate infants with small bowel atresia for associated birth defects. Although the mortality rate has decreased over the last 50 years, it remains substantial at 8% and is higher in premature and low birth weight infants.

Horse-related injuries in children.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the frequency, spectrum and outcome of horse-related injuries in children. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective case series of horse-related injuries in children admitted to the Children's Hospital at Westmead (CHW) from January 1988 to December 1999, the John Hunter Children's Hospital (JHCH) from January 1991 to December 1997 and deaths reported to the New South Wales Paediatric Trauma Death (NPTD) Registry from January 1988 to December 1999. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Circumstances of injury; helmet use; adult supervision; type and number of injuries identified. RESULTS: 232 children were admitted with horse-related trauma, 97 to the CHW over 12 years and 135 to JHCH over seven years, with one death at each hospital. There were six deaths reported to the NPTD Registry over 12 years. The median age was 11 years (range, 1-17). Girls accounted for 65% of those injured and 75% of children were injured while riding. Falls caused the injury in 76.3% of cases. Head and upper-limb trauma accounted for 216 of the injuries (73%). Five out of six children with severe head injuries died. In the CHW group, helmet use was documented in only 24 riders (38%) and adult supervision in 22 (22.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Horse-related trauma accounts for a considerable number of deaths and injuries in children in NSW. The use of a Standards-approved helmet for riding or horse-related activities might have decreased the severity of head injuries.

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma: other magnetic resonance imaging findings.

Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (CMN) is a rare renal tumour usually imaged by ultrasound and or CT. To the authors' knowledge there have been only two previous reports concerning MR imaging of CMN in the English-speaking literature. The MRI findings in a neonate with CMN, which were not previously described, are reported here.

Ureteroceles in children: an ongoing challenge.

The treatment of ureteroceles in children requires an individualised approach. Antenatal diagnosis is the ideal, so that postnatal urinary antibiotic prophylaxis and appropriate investigations can be organised. Postnatal investigations should assess both upper and lower urinary tract. Renal and bladder ultrasound and radiographic micturating cystourethragraphy under antibiotic cover will both detect vesicoureteric reflux and assess any bladder outlet obstruction due to the ureterocele. Renal function, particularly of the upper moiety, is best evaluated by technetium Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid renal scan. Both function and obstruction can be quantitated by the Tc99m-mercaptoacetyltriglycine isotope scan with intravenous volume expansion (10 ml/kg) and furosemide diuresis (1 mg/kg). Intravenous urography provides the best anatomic information when the upper moiety is functional. The surgical management is based on the clinical situation, which is often variable, and therefore needs to be tailored for each patient. The general principles include restoration of anatomy to as near normal as possible and preservation of functional renal tissue.

Endoscopic laser division of an esophageal web in a child.

The authors report the first successful endoscopic laser division of a congenital esophageal web in a child in whom dilatation had failed. Laser lysis is minimally invasive and should be attempted before surgery is considered.