Long-Term Outcomes After Lung Transplantation in Children With Intellectual Disabilities.

BACKGROUND: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) started recording data on intellectual disability status in 2008. This study aimed to characterize the long-term outcomes for children with intellectual disabilities (IDs) undergoing lung transplantation. METHODS: All pediatric patients (under 18 years old) undergoing bilateral lung transplantation were identified using the UNOS database. The patients were grouped into the following categories: no cognitive delay, possible cognitive delay, and definite cognitive delay. The primary endpoint was graft survival at 3-year posttransplantation. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards modeling was used to estimate the independent effect of cognitive disability on graft survival. RESULTS: Five hundred four pediatric patients who underwent lung transplantation between March 2008 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. 59 had a definite cognitive delay (12%), 23 had a possible delay (5%), and 421 had no delay (83%). When comparing these three groups, there was no significant difference in 60-day graft survival (p = 0.4), 3-year graft survival (p = 0.6), 3-year graft survival for patients who survived at least 60-day posttransplantation (p = 0.9), distribution of causes of death (p = 0.24), nor distribution treatment of rejection within 1-year posttransplantation (p = 0.06). CONCLUSIONS: Intellectual disability does not impact long-term outcomes after bilateral lung transplantation. Intellectual disability should not be a contraindication to bilateral lung transplantation on the basis of inferior graft survival.

A nationwide, population-based study on specialized care for acute heart failure throughout the COVID-19 pandemic.

AIMS: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the delivery of care for patients with heart failure (HF), leading to fewer HF hospitalizations and increased mortality. However, nationwide data on quality of care and long-term outcomes across the pandemic are scarce. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used data from the National Heart Failure Audit (NHFA) linked to national records for hospitalization and deaths. We compared pre-COVID (2018-2019), COVID (2020), and late/post-COVID (2021-2022) periods. Data for 227 250 patients admitted to hospital with HF were analysed and grouped according to the admission year and the presence of HF with (HFrEF) or without reduced ejection fraction (non-HFrEF). The median age at admission was 81 years (interquartile range 72-88), 55% were men (n = 125 975), 87% were of white ethnicity (n = 102 805), and 51% had HFrEF (n = 116 990). In-hospital management and specialized cardiology care were maintained throughout the pandemic with an increasing percentage of patients discharged on disease-modifying medications over time (p < 0.001). Long-term outcomes improved over time (hazard ratio [HR] 0.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.90-0.95, p < 0.001), mainly driven by a reduction in cardiovascular death. Receiving specialized cardiology care was associated with better long-term outcomes both for those who had HFrEF (HR 0.79, 95% CI 0.77-0.82, p < 0.001) and for those who had non-HFrEF (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.85-0.90, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Despite the disruption of healthcare systems, the clinical characteristics of patients admitted with HF were similar and the overall standard of care was maintained throughout the pandemic. Long-term survival of patients hospitalized with HF continued to improve after COVID-19, especially for HFrEF.

Dermatologic manifestations of zoonotic diseases transmitted by dogs: "Spot" could give you spots.

The bond between humans and dogs is precious and has been treasured since ancient times. Dog ownership is linked to numerous health benefits, such as increased physical activity and social functioning and decreased depression and cardiovascular events. However, dogs can transmit zoonotic diseases to humans, many of which present with cutaneous findings. This review summarizes the dermatologic manifestations, transmission routes, diagnosis, and treatment of zoonotic diseases transmitted by dogs, including vector-borne, bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic infections. This review emphasizes the significance of clinicians obtaining a comprehensive exposure history when patients exhibit a rash of unknown origin. Such an approach can provide valuable epidemiological clues related to diagnosing a zoonotic disease transmitted by a pet dog. Furthermore, identifying the dog as an infection source and subsequent veterinary treatment can help prevent recurrent infections in dermatologic patients.

Measuring congestion with a non-invasive monitoring device in heart failure and haemodialysis: CONGEST-HF.

AIMS: We examined the effectiveness of a novel cardiopulmonary management wearable sensor (worn for less than 5 mins) at measuring congestion and correlated the device findings with established clinical measures of congestion. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled three cohorts of patients: (1) patients with heart failure (HF) receiving intravenous diuretics in hospital; (2) patients established on haemodialysis, and (3) HF patients undergoing right heart catheterization (RHC). The primary outcomes in the respective cohorts were a Spearman correlation between (1) change in weight and change in thoracic impedance (TI) (from enrolment, 24 h after admission to discharge) in patients hospitalized for HF; (2) lung ultrasound B-lines and volume removed during dialysis with device measured TI, and (3) pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) and sub-acoustic diastolic, third heart sound (S3) in the patients undergoing RHC. A total of 66 patients were enrolled. In HF patients (n = 25), change in weight was correlated with both change in device TI (Spearman correlation [rsp] = -0.64, p = 0.002) and change in device S3 (rsp = -0.53, p = 0.014). In the haemodialysis cohort (n = 21), B-lines and TI were strongly correlated before (rsp = -0.71, p < 0.001) and after (rsp = -0.77, p < 0.001) dialysis. Volume of fluid removed by dialysis was correlated with change in device TI (rsp = 0.49, p = 0.024). In the RHC cohort (n = 20), PCWP measured at one time point and device S3 were not significantly correlated (rsp = 0.230, p = 0.204). There were no device-related adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: A non-invasive device was able to detect changes in congestion in patients with HF receiving decongestion therapy and patients having fluid removed at haemodialysis. The cardiopulmonary management device, which measures multiple parameters, is a potentially useful tool to monitor patients with HF to prevent hospitalizations.

Pragmaticism in Cancer Clinical Trials.

Clinical trials are essential for advancing oncology treatment strategies and have contributed significantly to the decline in cancer mortality rates over the past decades. Traditional explanatory trials, focused on establishing intervention efficacy in ideal settings, often lack generalizability and may not reflect real-world patient care scenarios. Furthermore, increasing complexity in cancer clinical trial design has led to challenges such as protocol deviations, slow enrollment leading to lengthened durations of trial, and escalating costs. By contrast, pragmatic trials aim to assess intervention effectiveness in more representative patient populations under routine clinical conditions. Here, we review the principles, methodologies, challenges, and advantages of incorporating pragmatic features (PFs) into cancer clinical trials. We illustrate the application of pragmatic trial designs in oncology and discuss the QUASAR collaborative, TAPUR study, and the ongoing PRAGMATICA-LUNG trial. Although not all oncology trials may be amenable to adopting fully pragmatic designs, integration of PFs when feasible will enhance trial generalizability and real-world applicability. Project Pragmatica and similar initiatives advocate for the integration of real-world practice with clinical trials, fostering a nuanced approach to oncology research that balances efficacy and effectiveness assessments, ultimately with a goal of improving patient outcomes.

Chromosome-scale assembly of the streamlined picoeukaryote Picochlorum sp. SENEW3 genome reveals Rabl-like chromatin structure and potential for C4 photosynthesis.

Genome sequencing and assembly of the photosynthetic picoeukaryotic Picochlorum sp. SENEW3 revealed a compact genome with a reduced gene set, few repetitive sequences, and an organized Rabl-like chromatin structure. Hi-C chromosome conformation capture revealed evidence of possible chromosomal translocations, as well as putative centromere locations. Maintenance of a relatively few selenoproteins, as compared to similarly sized marine picoprasinophytes Mamiellales, and broad halotolerance compared to others in Trebouxiophyceae, suggests evolutionary adaptation to variable salinity environments. Such adaptation may have driven size and genome minimization and have been enabled by the retention of a high number of membrane transporters. Identification of required pathway genes for both CAM and C4 photosynthetic carbon fixation, known to exist in the marine mamiellale pico-prasinophytes and seaweed Ulva, but few other chlorophyte species, further highlights the unique adaptations of this robust alga. This high-quality assembly provides a significant advance in the resources available for genomic investigations of this and other photosynthetic picoeukaryotes.

Methodological advances enabled by the construction of a synthetic yeast genome.

The international Synthetic Yeast Project (Sc2.0) aims to construct the first synthetic designer eukaryote genome. Over the past few years, the Sc2.0 consortium has achieved several significant milestones by synthesizing and characterizing all 16 nuclear chromosomes of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as a 17thde novo neochromosome containing all nuclear tRNA genes. In this commentary, we discuss the recent technological advances achieved in this project and provide a perspective on how they will impact the emerging field of synthetic genomics in the future.

Preserved striatal innervation maintains motor function despite severe loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons.

Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra and their striatal axon terminals causes cardinal motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. In idiopathic cases, high levels of mitochondrial DNA alterations leading to mitochondrial dysfunction are a central feature of these vulnerable neurons. Here we present a mouse model expressing the K320E-variant of the mitochondrial helicase Twinkle in dopaminergic neurons, leading to accelerated mitochondrial DNA mutations. These K320E-TwinkleDaN mice showed normal motor function at 20 months of age, although ∼70% of nigral dopaminergic neurons had perished. Remaining neurons still preserved ∼75% of axon terminals in the dorsal striatum and enabled normal dopamine release. Transcriptome analysis and viral tracing confirmed compensatory axonal sprouting of the surviving neurons. We conclude that a small population of substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons is able to adapt to the accumulation of mitochondrial DNA mutations and maintain motor control.

Killer yeasts: expanding frontiers in the age of synthetic biology.

Killer yeasts secrete protein toxins that are selectively lethal to other yeast and filamentous fungi. These exhibit exceptional genetic and functional diversity, and have several biotechnological applications. However, despite decades of research, several limitations hinder their widespread adoption. In this perspective we contend that technical advances in synthetic biology present an unprecedented opportunity to unlock the full potential of yeast killer systems across a spectrum of applications. By leveraging these new technologies, engineered killer toxins may emerge as a pivotal new tool to address antifungal resistance and food security. Finally, we speculate on the biotechnological potential of re-engineering host double-stranded (ds) RNA mycoviruses, from which many toxins derive, as a safe and noninfectious system to produce designer RNA.

Precision needle-punch tumor enrichment from paraffin blocks improves the detection of clinically actionable genomic alterations and biomarkers.

Background: While many molecular assays can detect mutations at low tumor purity and variant allele frequencies, complex biomarkers such as tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), and genomic loss of heterozygosity (gLOH) require higher tumor purity for accurate measurement. Scalable, quality-controlled, tissue-conserving methods to increase tumor nuclei percentage (TN%) from tumor specimens are needed for complex biomarkers and hence necessary to maximize patient matching to approved therapies or clinical trial enrollment. We evaluated the clinical utility and performance of precision needle-punch enrichment (NPE) compared with traditional razor blade macroenrichment of tumor specimens on molecular testing success. Methods: Pathologist-directed NPE was performed manually on formalin-fixed, paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks. Quality control of target capture region and quantity of residual tumor in each tissue block was determined via a post-enrichment histologic slide recut. Resultant tumor purity and biomarker status were determined by the computational analysis pipeline component of the FDA-approved next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay, FoundationOne®CDx. Following NPE implementation for real-world clinical samples, assay performance and biomarker (MSI, TMB, gLOH) detection were analyzed. Results: In real-world clinical samples, enrichment rate via NPE was increased to ~50% over a 2.5-year period, exceeding the prior use of razor blade macro-enrichment (<30% of cases) prior to NPE implementation due to proven efficacy in generating high quality molecular results from marginal samples and the ease of use for both pathologist and histotechnologists. NPE was associated with lower test failures, higher computational tumor purity, and higher rates of successful TMB, MSI and gLOH determination when stratified by pre-enriched (incipient) tumor nuclei percentage. In addition, challenging cases in which tumor content was initially insufficient for testing were salvaged for analysis of biomarker status, gene amplification/deletion, and confident mutant or wild-type gene status determination. Conclusions: Pathologist-directed precision enrichment from tissue blocks (aka NPE) increases tumor purity, and consequently, yields a greater number of successful tests and complex biomarker determinations. Moreover, this process is rapid, safe, inexpensive, scalable, and conserves patient surgical pathology material. NPE may constitute best practice with respect to enriching tumor cells from low-purity specimens for biomarker detection in molecular laboratories.

British societies guideline on the management of emergencies in implantable left ventricular assist device recipients in transplant centres.

An implantable left ventricular assist device (LVAD) is indicated as a bridge to transplantation or recovery in the United Kingdom (UK). The mechanism of action of the LVAD results in a unique state of haemodynamic stability with diminished arterial pulsatility. The clinical assessment of an LVAD recipient can be challenging because non-invasive blood pressure, pulse and oxygen saturation measurements may be hard to obtain. As a result of this unusual situation and complex interplay between the device and the native circulation, resuscitation of LVAD recipients requires bespoke guidelines. Through collaboration with key UK stakeholders, we assessed the current evidence base and developed guidelines for the recognition of clinical deterioration, inadequate circulation and time-critical interventions. Such guidelines, intended for use in transplant centres, are designed to be deployed by those providing immediate care of LVAD patients under conditions of precipitous clinical deterioration. In summary, the Joint British Societies and Transplant Centres LVAD Working Group present the UK guideline on management of emergencies in implantable LVAD recipients for use in advanced heart failure centres. These recommendations have been made with a UK resuscitation focus but are widely applicable to professionals regularly managing patients with implantable LVADs.

Non-contrast short MRI surveillance for HCC screening: the study protocol of the SMS-HCC prospective multicenter study.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) comprises 75 to 85% of all primary liver cancers. Current guidelines recommend a biannual HCC surveillance using ultrasound (US) for high-risk patients. However, due to its low sensitivity for detection of early-stage HCC lesions, there is an urgency for more sensitive surveillance tools. Here, we describe the potential of a short MRI surveillance (SMS) protocol for HCC, including axial T1-weighted in-out phase, fat-saturated T2-weighted, and diffusion-weighted sequences. In this prospective, multicenter, patient cohort study, patients will be recruited from existing HCC surveillance cohorts of six medical centers in The Netherlands. Surveillance patients who undergo biannual US, will be invited for SMS on the same day for 3 years. In case of a suspicious finding on either US or SMS, patients will be invited for a full MRI liver protocol including gadolinium-based contrast agent intravenous injection within 2 weeks. To our knowledge, this will be the first study to perform a head-to-head comparison with a paired US-MRI design. We hypothesize that the sensitivity of SMS for detection of early-stage HCC will be higher than that of US leading to improved survival of surveillance patients through timely HCC diagnosis. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the SMS-HCC protocol will prove cost-effective.Relevance statement The US sensitivity for detecting early-stage HCC has been reported to be less than 50%. We expect that the proposed SMS will detect at least twice as many early-stage HCC lesions and therefore prove to be cost-effective. Key points • The low sensitivity of US necessitates better imaging tools for HCC screening.• This is the first study with a paired US-MRI design.• This design will allow a head-to-head comparison in both diagnostics and patient-acceptance.• We expect that SMS can contribute to a higher survival rate.

How Do Psychology Professors View the Relation Between Scientific Knowledge and Its Applicability and Societal Relevance?

How do researchers in psychology view the relation between scientific knowledge, its applicability, and its societal relevance? Most research on psychological science and its benefits to society is discussed from a bird's eye view (a meta-scientific perspective), by identifying general trends such as psychology's dominant focus on lab-based experiments and general descriptive theories. In recent years, several critics have argued that this focus has come at the cost of reduced practical and societal relevance. In this study, we interviewed Dutch psychology professors to gauge their views about the relation between psychological research and its relevance to society. We found that psychology professors engaged in a variety of activities to engage science with society, from work in clinical and applied settings, to consultancy, education, and science communication. However, we found that the role of theory when applying scientific knowledge to practical problems is far from straightforward. While most participants regarded theories as relevant to understanding general contexts of application, psychological theories were seldom directly related to specific applications. We compare and discuss our findings in the light of recent discussions about the lack of applicability and societal relevance of psychological science.

Summary of Research: Overall Survival with Osimertinib in Resected EGFR-Mutated NSCLC.

This is a summary of the original article ?Overall survival with osimertinib in resected EGFR-mutated NSCLC.Ë® Osimertinib blocks the activity of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on cancer cells, causing cancer cell death and tumor shrinkage, and is an effective treatment for EGFR-mutated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The ADAURA study assessed the effects of osimertinib versus placebo in patients with EGFR-mutated (exon 19 deletion or L858R) early stage (IB-IIIA) NSCLC removed by surgery (resected). Previous results from ADAURA demonstrated that patients treated with osimertinib stayed alive and cancer-free (disease-free survival) significantly longer than patients who received placebo. Recent data showed the overall length of time patients were alive after starting treatment (overall survival). In both the primary stage II-IIIA and overall stage IB-IIIA populations, patients in the osimertinib group had a significant 51% reduction in the risk of death compared with the placebo group. The data demonstrated that osimertinib after surgery significantly improved overall survival in patients with resected, EGFR-mutated, stage IB-IIIA NSCLC.

What is a blink? Classifying and characterizing blinks in eye openness signals.

Blinks, the closing and opening of the eyelids, are used in a wide array of fields where human function and behavior are studied. In data from video-based eye trackers, blink rate and duration are often estimated from the pupil-size signal. However, blinks and their parameters can be estimated only indirectly from this signal, since it does not explicitly contain information about the eyelid position. We ask whether blinks detected from an eye openness signal that estimates the distance between the eyelids (EO blinks) are comparable to blinks detected with a traditional algorithm using the pupil-size signal (PS blinks) and how robust blink detection is when data quality is low. In terms of rate, there was an almost-perfect overlap between EO and PS blink (F1 score: 0.98) when the head was in the center of the eye tracker's tracking range where data quality was high and a high overlap (F1 score 0.94) when the head was at the edge of the tracking range where data quality was worse. When there was a difference in blink rate between EO and PS blinks, it was mainly due to data loss in the pupil-size signal. Blink durations were about 60 ms longer in EO blinks compared to PS blinks. Moreover, the dynamics of EO blinks was similar to results from previous literature. We conclude that the eye openness signal together with our proposed blink detection algorithm provides an advantageous method to detect and describe blinks in greater detail.

Representative design: A realistic alternative to (systematic) integrative design.

We disagree with Almaatouq et al. that no realistic alternative exists to the "one-at-a-time" paradigm. Seventy years ago, Egon Brunswik introduced representative design, which offers a clear path to commensurability and generality. Almaatouq et al.'s integrative design cannot guarantee the external validity and generalizability of results which is sorely needed, while representative design tackles the problem head on.