RESUMO
Benzene is associated with diverse occupational and public health hazards. It exhibits an ability to rapidly permeate the skin and contaminate water and food sources, leading to dermal and ingestion exposures. Despite numerous studies examining the associations between benzene and various indicators of harm, the findings have yielded inconsistent results. Furthermore, relying solely on air concentration as a measure of benzene exposure is limited, as it fails to account for internal exposure dose and individual susceptibility. This study aimed to conduct a comprehensive review in order to present current knowledge on benzene biomarkers and their significance in evaluating exposure levels and associated health hazards. The search methodology adhered to the PRISMA guidelines and involved the application of specific inclusion and exclusion criteria across multiple databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Two researchers independently extracted and evaluated the relevant data based on predetermined criteria. Following the screening process, a total of 80 articles were considered eligible out of the initially retrieved 1053 articles after undergoing screening and assessment for inclusion. As the level of exposure decreased, specific biomarkers demonstrated a gradual increase in limitations, including heightened background concentrations and vulnerability to confounding factors. The advancement of sampling and analysis techniques will yield new biomarkers. Additionally, when conducting practical work, it is crucial to employ a comprehensive utilization of diverse biomarkers while excluding individual metabolic variations and combined exposure factors.
RESUMO
The identification of noninvasive volatile biomarkers for lung cancer is a significant clinical challenge. Through in vitro studies, the recognition of altered metabolism in cell volatile organic compound (VOC) emitting profile, along with the occurrence of oncogenesis, provides insight into the biochemical pathways involved in the production and metabolism of lung cancer volatile biomarkers. In this research, for the first time, a comprehensive comparative analysis of the volatile metabolites in NSCLS cells (A549), SCLC cells (H446), lung normal cells (BEAS-2B), as well as metabolites in both the oxidative stress (OS) group and control group. Specifically, the combination of eleven VOCs, including n-dodecane, acetaldehyde, isopropylbenzene, p-ethyltoluene and cis-1,3-dichloropropene, exhibited potential as volatile biomarkers for lung cancer originating from two different histological sources. Furthermore, the screening process in A549 cell lines resulted in the identification of three exclusive biomarkers, isopropylbenzene, formaldehyde and bromoform. Similarly, the exclusive biomarkers 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, p-ethyltoluene, and cis-1,3-dichloropropene were present in the H446 cell line. Additionally, significant changes in trans-2-pentene, acetaldehyde, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and bromoform were observed, indicating a strong association with OS. These findings highlight the potential of volatile biomarkers profiling as a means of noninvasive identification for lung cancer diagnosis.
