[Screening lab tests of Chlamydia trachomatis. Do they show declining trend of the infections?]. / Badania laboratoryjne w kierunku Chlamydia trachomatis; czy wskazuja one na spadek liczby zakazen?

A study on the frequency of Chlamydia trachomatis (Ct) urogenital infection comprised 2393 patients (1,197 women and 1,196 men), aged 18-69 years. Urethral and cervical specimens were tested using immunofluorescent (DFA) for symptomatic and immunoenzymatic techniques (EIA, IMx, Vidas-ELFA) for asymptomatic patients. Basing on the tests results (1993-1996) chlamydiosis was diagnosed in 323 (13.5%) cases, 169 (14.1%) women and 154 (12.8%) men, aged 20-40 yrs. The percentage of positive results determined by EIA, IMx or Vidas were similar (8.2-4.2%, 3.0-2.0%, 5.4-3.4%, respectively) but lower than that by DFA test (38.9-13.2%). Over the last few years the number of patients screened for Ct, as well as the incidence of Ct infection, has decreased (5.6% in 1996). The data were compared to those from 1986-1992.

[Chlamydia trachomatis in cervical canal and in the pouch of Douglas in infertile women]. / Chlamydia trachomatis w kanale szyjki macicy i w zatoce Douglasa u nieplodnych kobiet.

The results of microbiological examination of samples from cervical canal of the uterus and from pouch of Douglas in 71 women who underwent diagnostic and operative laparoscopy is presented. In 33 cases diagnosed because of infertility Chlamydia trachomatis was present in 2 (6.1%) women and in one woman both in cervical canal and pouch of Douglas. In second woman only in cervical canal Chlamydia trachomatis was present. There was not statistically significant correlation between control and study groups.

[Chlamydia trachomatis and concomitant flora in the internal genital organs of women without clinical symptoms of infection]. / Chlamydia trachomatis i flora wspólistniejaca w wewnetrznych narzadach plciowych kobiet bez klinicznych objawów zapalnych.

One thousand and forty swabs from 52 gynaecological patients were examined bacteriologically. The most frequently isolated pathogen was C. trachomatis found in the endocervix in 19.2%, in the endometrium in 17.3% and in the fallopian tube in 48.1% of the examined women. There was also shown that presence of C. trachomatis in utero and in fallopian tube not always coexist with it's presence in the endocervix, move over presence of that microbe doesn't have influence on presence of any bacteria in genitourinary tract.

[Prevalence of chlamydia trachomatis in the epithelial cells of the urethra in children]. / Wystepowanie Chlamydia trachomatis w komórkach nablonka cewki moczowej u dzieci.

Tests for the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis were performed in 432 children, aged 4 months to 16 years at the Department of Paediatric Nephrology of the Academy of Wroclaw, Poland. The children were hospitalised because of recurrent urinary tract infection. The presence of Chlamydia trachomatis was established in 27.5% of children by tissue culture on McCoy cells, in 22.8% when using the Chlamyset test (Orion Diagnostica) and in 8.9% when using the Chlamydiazyme test (Abbott).

[The evaluation of the applicability of urine samples for the detection of chlamydia trachomatis antigen in children]. / Ocena przydatnosci badania próbek moczu do wykrywania antygenów Chlamydia trachomatis u dzieci.

In 12 out of 66 children (18.2%), hospitalised at the Department of Pediatric Nephrology of the Medical Academy of Wroclaw, Poland, the presence of Chlamydia trachomatis was detected in the urinary sediment. The tests were made using an enzyme-linked-immunoassay, ELISA. These results are in 96.9% agreement with the results obtained by urethra swabs.

[The prevalence of C. trachomatis genitourinary tract infection in 1986-1993]. / Ocena czestosci zakazen chlamydiami ukladu moczowoplciowego w latach 1986-1993.

The study comprised 7224 patients from Lower Silesia District, 3576 women and 3648 men, at age 18-69 yrs. Urethral and endocervical specimens were tested for Chlamydia trachomatis using culture method (on McCoy cells treated with cycloheximid), immunofluorescent technique (Chlamyset-Orion Diagnostica) or immunoenzymatic assay (Chlamydiazyme-Abbott). In the examined population chlamydial infection was found in prevalence among 20-40 yrs old patients. Symptomatic infection was observed in 97.3%, asymptomatic in 2.7%. Basing on the laboratory tests results chlamydiosis was diagnosed in 1393 (19.2%) patients, 658 (47.2%) women and 735 (52.7%) men. The highest percentage (25.7%) of the infected people was noticed in 1986, the lowest in 1991 (10.6%). Despite the general declining trend, every second year a small rising in number of C. trachomatis infection was regularly observed.

[Susceptibility in vitro to certain quinolines of gram-negative bacteria and gram-positive cocci causing urinary tract infections]. / Wrazliwosc in vitro na niektóre chinolony Gram-ujemnych paleczek i Gram-dodatnich ziarenkowców powodujacych zakazenia ukladu moczowego.

Susceptibility to norfloxacin, ofloxacin, pipemidic acid and nalidixic acid of 848 bacterial strains isolated from urine of patients treated in 1989-1992 in Wroclaw hospitals was investigated. The study, performed by the disc diffusion methods, concerned 568 Enterobacteriaceae strains, 147 Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria and 133 strains of staphylococci. Highest percentage (90-100%) of susceptibility to all used antimicrobial agents was detected among Escherichia, Proteus, Morganella and Citrobacter. Less frequent susceptibility (30-70%) was observed among Klebsiella, Enterobacter and Serratia. Among strains of P. aeruginosa susceptible to norfloxacin and ofloxacin were, respectively, 61.4 and 22.2% isolates. Over 95% of strains of P. aeruginosa were resistant to nalidixic acid. Among other non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria, over 50% were resistant to norfloxacin and ofloxacin. Both S. aureus and S. epidermidis were susceptible to ofloxacin and norfloxacin in 81-93% of tested strains. They were 2-3 times less frequently susceptible to pipemidic and nalidixic acid.

[Sensitivity of multiresistant bacterial strains to imipenem (Tienam)]. / Wrazliwosc wieloopornych szczepów bakteryjnych na imipenem (Tienam).

The susceptibility to imipenem of 213 clinical strains of Gram-negative rods resistant to six cephalosporins (cephradine, cefamandole, cefuroxime, cefotaxime, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone) has been studied. It was found that 93.9% of the strains were sensitive and 6.1% were resistant to imipenem. In the examined group 64 (30%) out of 213 strains were simultaneously resistant to four aminoglycosides (gentamycin, tobramycin, netilmicin and amikacin); among them 5 (7.8%) strains were resistant to imipenem. Sensitivity to imipenem 157 out of 213 examined strains as compared to that of ceftazidime was as follows: 29.3% of the strains were sensitive and 3.8% resistant to both of the antibiotics, whilst 64.3% were imipenem-sensitive and ceftazidime-resistant. In vitro imipenem proved to be very active antibiotic against over 90% of multiresistant Gram-negative rods.

[Comparative in vitro susceptibility of clinical bacterial isolates to pefloxacin and 14 antibiotics]. / Porównanie in vitro wrazliwosci klinicznych szczepów bakteryjnych na pefloksacyne i 14 antybiotyków.

In vitro activity of pefloxacin against 782 bacterial strains isolated from hospitalized patients (July-September 1991) in Wroclaw was compared with that of 14 antibiotics (4 aminoglycosides and 10 beta-lactamase). The most susceptible to pefloxacin were: Staphylococcus epidermidis (96.0%), Klebsiella (94.4%), Proteus mirabilis (93.8%) and Escherichia coli (92.7%). The least susceptible proved to be: nonfermentative Gram-negative rods (46.5%), and among them Pseudomonas aeruginosa (19.3% weakly sensitive, 0% sensitive strains). It was found that over 80% of Gram-negative rods were susceptible to pefloxacin, amikacin, netilmicin, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone. The most active against staphylococci were netilmicin (92.6%), pefloxacin (89.4%) and amikacin (82.5%).

[Sensitivity of bacteria of the genus Acinetobacter to antibiotics and ofloxacin]. / Wrazliwosc na antybiotyki i ofloksacyne paleczek rodzaju Acinetobacter.

Between 1989-1989 276 strains of Acinetobacter genus were isolated which contained: Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. anitratus (n = 167), Acinetobacter calcoaceticus subsp. Iwoffi (n- = 83), Acinetobacter haemolyticus (n = 26). Their sensitivity to aminoglycoside antibiotics, beta-lactams, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, colistin, and ofloxacin was tested. More than 90% of strains were sensitive to colistin and ofloxacin. The sensitivity to remaining antibiotics differentiated depending on species. Acinetobacter anitratus were highly resistant to Ist and IInd generation of cephalosporins, and moreover to penicillins, tetracyclines, and chloramphenicol. Cephalosporins of IIIrd generation were active against 70% of strains with exception of cefoperazone what was also the case for representatives of aminoglycosides as netilmicin and amikacin. Strains of Acinetobacter Iwoffi were in majority sensitive to all antibiotics with exception of cephalothin, cephradine and cefoperazone. More than 90% of Acinetobacter haemolyticus strains were sensitive to gentamicin, carbenicillin, azlocillin, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and tetracyclines.

[Bacterial flora in the urethra of men with Chlamydia trachomatis urethritis before and after treatment with ofloxacin]. / Flora bakteryjna towarzyszaca chlamydialnemu zapaleniu cewki moczowej u mezczyzn przed i po leczeniu ofloksacyna.

From urethra of 40 men with CTU, 190 bacterial strains were isolated, 110 before and 80 after treatment with OFX (400 mg daily for 5 days). Among the strains coexisting with Chlamydia trachomatis, Staphylococcus epidermidis (30.9%), Micrococcus (13.6%), Streptococcus group D (10.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.9%) were isolated more frequently than others. The in vitro susceptibility testing showed that, in comparison to erythromycin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline and co-trimoxazole, OFX was the most active antimicrobial agent against the majority of bacteria (except streptococci) isolated from urethra in CTU cases in men. The OFX treatment was found to reduce the total number of isolated strains, including Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus, without disturbing normal urethral flora.

[Sensitivity and specificity of the Chlamydiazyme test in comparison with tissue culture in the light of our studies]. / Czulosc i swoistosc testu Chlamydiazyme w porównaniu z hodowla w swietle badan wlasnych.

The Chlamydiazyme Test was used in the laboratory examination of 1139 patients (716 women, 368 men, 55 children) hospitalized in the departments of urology, nephrology and gynaecology. Urethral and cervical smears were examined. In comparison with the culture method for C. trachomatis on McCoy cells the Chlamydiazyme test had a 91.6% agreement of the positive and negative results. The disagreeing results, that is only Chlamydiazyme test positive or only culture positive, accounted respectively for 2.1% and 6.2% of the results. The sensitivity of the Chlamydiazyme test was 74.6% and its specificity was 97.2%.

[Results of 5-day ofloxacin (Tarivid) treatment of chlamydial urethritis in men]. / Wyniki 5-dniowego leczenia ofloksacyna (Tarivid) chlamydialnego zapalenia cewki moczowej u mezczyzn.

The examined group of men with urethritis comprises 40 patients at age 20-50 yrs. Diagnosis of Chlamydia trachomatis infection was based on the positive results of two of three techniques: culture on McCoy cells, direct immunofluorescent (Chlamyset) and immunoenzymatic (Chlamydiazyme) methods. The patients with CT-urethritis were treated with Tarivid given orally 2 X 200 mg daily for 5 days. Five days later they were reexamined with the same methods. The results were as follows: 36 out of 40 patients were negative by culture and Chlamydiazyme and were clinically cured. Four were positive by both methods and still had symptoms of urethritis.

[Immunologic status in cattle naturally infected with the microorganisms Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci]. / Imunologický status u hovädzieho dobytka prirodzene infikovaného mikroorganizmami Chlamydia trachomatis a Chlamydia psittaci.

In the present paper there is a description of immunological reactions in 12 to 14 months old bullocks, naturally infected by the microorganisms Chlamydia (Ch.) psittaci and Chlamydia trachomatis. In the course of infection by the above-mentioned microorganisms (chlamydia isolated from semen) without any clinical symptoms the activity of leucocytes and polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in the peripheral blood is variable and the concentrations of serum immunoglobulins (IG) decrease. It has been demonstrated that the infection of bullocks by Ch. trachomatis increases the bacteria absorbing capacity of PMN cells (from 14.2 to 20.1), percent of phagocytic cells in the peripheral blood (from 13.0 to 26.5%). NBT reduction activity both in a spontaneous test (from 3 to 6) and in a stimulated test (from 8 to 12), and also myeloperoxidase activity (from 0.29 to 0.42). In these animals there were also recorded decreases (although not statistically significant) in the concentrations of serum IgG1, IgG2, IgA by about 10% and by about 30% in IgM. In Ch. psittaci-infected bulls leucocyte migration in the peripheral blood decreased (from 4.5 to 2.7 mm). PMN cell adherence (from 50 to 32), lysosome amount (from 0.63 to 0.35 mg per l) also decreased. In these bullocks decreases in the concentrations of serum Ig from 12.2 to 8.2 g per l in IgG1 and from 3.8 to 1.7 g per l in IgM were also proved.

[Correlation of detection of Chlamydia infection of the urethra sperm]. / Korelacja czestosci wykrywania zakazen chlamydiami cewki moczowej i spermy.

In the group of 150 men with urological diseases simultaneous examinations of urethra swabs and sperm specimens were done. By culture method on McCoy cells Chlamydia trachomatis was found more frequently in semen (46.7%) than in urethra (35.3%); in 103 patients with urethritis the results were 43.6% and 33.0% respectively. Consistently positive results were obtained in 33 (26.0%) and consistently negative ones in 66 (44.05) of all examined men. In 31 (20.7%) patients, 22 with urethritis including Chlamydia trachomatis was cultured from semen alone and in 14 (9.3%) from urethra alone. The above findings suggest that human semen constitutes a valuable diagnostic material in cases suspected of infection due to Chlamydia trachomatis.

[Antibiotic sensitivity of enteropathogenic strains of Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhea]. / Wrazliwosc na antybiotyki enteropatogennych szczepów Escherichia coli izolowanych z przypadków biegunek u dzieci.

Enteropathogenic E. coli strains (n = 120), isolated from faeces in 1988-1989, were sensitive to cefotaxime and ceftriaxone (100%) and to colistin, amikacin, cefoperazone, cefuroxime, cefamandole, netilmicin, gentamicin, tobramycin and neomycin (94.2-99.2%). These strains were resistant to ampicillin (55.6%) and carbenicillin (52.5%). It was found that E. coli strains of serotype 018:K76 were resistant mainly to ampicillin and carbenicillin, whereas E. coli strains of serotype 0119:K69 were resistant mainly to tetracyclines and carbenicillin.

[Differences in sensitivity to Augmentin (and other antibiotics) of Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from various specimens and patients from different clinics]. / Róznice we wrazliwosci na augmentyne (i inne antybiotyki) szczepów Staphylococcus aureus izolowanych od chorych z róznych materialów i klinik.

Susceptibility of 327 S. aureus strains isolated in 1988 from various materials obtained from patients hospitalized in various hospitals of Wroclaw city has been studied. Antibiograms were made by the use of diffusion-disc method for 21 antibiotics, including augmentin. Penicillin and oxytetracycline showed weak action on the strains studies; percentage of sensitive strains was 8.6% and 27.6%, respectively. Efficacious effects, more than 90% of strains, showed vancomycin, rifampicin, netilmicin, cefamandole++, amikacin and cefalotin. Susceptibility for augmentin was equal to 89.3%, and for other 12 antibiotics 50 to 89%. Multiresistant strains presented 19.6% of all specimen studied: large percentage of that strains was isolated from Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Therapy (56.8%) and pediatry departments (26.4%). Most frequently they occur in the urine (33.3%). They showed high susceptibility to vancomycin (100%), rifampicin (98.4%), netilmicin (93.8%) and cefamandole++ (85.9%). Susceptibility to augmentin was 54.7%.

[Sensitivity to antibiotics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients in the years 1986-1988]. / Wrazliwosc na antybiotyki paleczek Pseudomonas aeruginosa izolowanych od chorych w latach 1986-1988.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains (240 in all) isolated from various clinical materials in the years 1986-1988 showed a high sensitivity to amikacin (92.3-100%), colistin (84.6-100%) and ceftazidim (84.6-100%). Netilmycin acted on 75.4% of the strains, and penicillins (carbenicillin, ticarcillin and azlocillin) similarly as gentamicin, tobramycin, cefotaxim, cefoperazon and ceftriaxon were active only against 51.3-66.7% of the tested strains.

[Patterns of resistance of Staph aureus and gram-negative bacteria to aminoglycosides and cephalosporins]. / Wzory opornosci na aminoglikozydy i cefalosporyny gronkowców zlocistych i gram-ujemnych paleczek.

The sensitivity to 4 aminoglycoside antibiotics (gentamicin, tobramycin, netilmycin and amicacin) and 5 cephalosporins (cefradine, cefamandol, cefotaxime, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone) was determined in 700 bacterial strains isolated from clinical materials in the years 1986-1987. The most frequent coexistent resistance was observed to gentamicin and tobramycin in S. aureus (30%), Klebsiella (30%), Proteus mirabilis (28%) and Enterobacter (23%). Resistance to 5 cephalosporins was found in Enterobacter (28%), Proteus spp (18%), Klebsiella (10%). Resistance to cefradine only was found in 13% of E. coli and 27% of Proteus mirabilis strains, and resistance to cefradine and cefamandol in 30% of Proteus ssp strains S. aureus strains were resistant to cefradine, cefotaxime, cefoperazone and ceftriaxone in 28% of cases. Multiple resistance was found in the strains of Enterobacter, Proteus, Pseudomonas and S. aureus which were isolated mainly in intense therapy, surgery and haematology departments. Among aminoglycosides netilmycin and amicacin were most active, among cefalosporins ceftriaxone was most effective against Gram-negative bacteria, and cefamandol against S. aureus.

[Sensitivity of Salmonella strains to Augmentin and new generation cephalosporins and aminoglycosides]. / Wrazliwosc szczepów Salmonella na augmentyne oraz nowe generacje cefalosporyn i aminoglikozydów.

The authors evaluated the sensitivity of Salmonella rods to augmentin (amoxicilin and clavulanic acid) and 23 antibiotics routinely used in antibiograms. Salmonella strains were isolated in the years 1987-88 from the faeces of children and adults. It was found that 94% of strains were sensitive to augmentin. Among cephalosporins the most effective were cefotaxime and cephtriaxone (100% of sensitive strains) and among aminoglycosides--amikacin (100%) and netilmicin (93%). S. typhimurium revealed greater resistance to antibiotics than S. enteritidis, which points to the need of making antibiograms before starting a therapy of infections induced by S. typhimurium.