Income or educational attainment: which is more effective in the fight against overweight? Evidence from Spain and Andalusia.

Considered the epidemic of the 21st century by the WHO, obesity is a global problem that is on the rise and will continue to increase in the coming years. Spain and Andalusia, in particular, are no exception to this pathology, which has tripled since the 1970s, representing a public health challenge. The aim of this study is to analyse the socioeconomic determinants of this pathology, with special emphasis on answering the question of what has a greater influence on overweight, education level, or income. For this purpose, we have used the European Survey of Health in Spain (ESHS-2020), a microdata base, with a total of 22,072 valid individual observations (of which 2,820 belong to the Andalusian population). Results we obtain in our estimations of qualitative response models reveal that, although both income and educational attainment could be effective in the fight against overweight, the social gradient of this health problem is greater with respect to educational attainment. Additionally, there are many other variables and other factors related to the individual's overweight (mental health, subjective state of health, oral health, among others) which are much less explored and which must be considered in health policies to combat this disease.

Social Isolation, Healthy Habits, Inequality and Mental Health in the United States.

The objective of this work is to deepen the analysis of the socioeconomic determinants of mental health, paying special attention to the impact of inequality, not only in income distribution but also in gender, racial, health and education inequality, social isolation, including new variables to measure loneliness, and healthy habits, on the mental health status. For this purpose, a cross-sectional model for a sample of 2735 counties in the United States is estimated using Ordinary Least Squares in its robust version to solve the detected heteroscedasticity problems. The results obtained show that inequality, social isolation and certain lifestyles, such as smoking or insomnia, are detrimental to mental health, while sexual activity prevents mental distress. On the other hand, poor counties suffer more cases of suicide, with food insecurity being the main problem for mental health. Finally, we found detrimental effects of pollution on mental health.

Inequality, public health, and COVID-19: an analysis of the Spanish case by municipalities.

The main objective of this work is to analyze whether inequality in income distribution has an effect on COVID-19 incidence and mortality rates during the first wave of the pandemic, and how the public health system mitigates these effects. To this end, the case of 819 Spanish municipalities is used, and a linear cross-sectional model is estimated. The results obtained allow us to conclude that a higher level of income inequality generates a higher rate of infections but not deaths, highlighting the importance of the Spanish National Health Service, which does not distinguish by income level. Likewise, early detection of infection measured by the number of primary care centers per 100,000 inhabitants, access to health care for the treatment of the most severe cases, unemployment as a proxy for job insecurity, climatic conditions, and population density are also important factors that determine how COVID-19 affects the population.

Clinical Subtypes and vHIT Parameters in a Population With Bilateral Vestibulopathy.

Objective: To evaluate the different peripheral, neurological, genetic, and systemic etiologies of bilateral vestibulopathy (BVP) and the value of vHIT in the diagnostic process. Materials and methods: A retrospective case review was performed on 176 patients diagnosed with BVP in a tertiary referral center, between 2010 and 2020. Inclusion criteria comprised imbalance and/or oscillopsia during locomotion and horizontal angular VOR gain on both sides <0.8. We classified patients into different groups according to (1) their fulfillment of the Barany guideline for bilateral vestibulopathy (2) the definite etiology of BVP and (3) the four clinical subtypes distributed in our population (recurrent vertigo with BVP, rapidly progressive BVP, slowly progressive BVP, and slowly progressive BVP with ataxia). Medical history of vertigo, hypoacusis or migraine, and family background of imbalance and/or oscillopsia were assessed. Horizontal, posterior, and superior semicircular canal angular VOR gain was registered along with saccadic parameters such as velocity, and dispersion of the saccades' latency values. Results: Barany's Society diagnostic criteria for BVP was accomplished in 89 patients. Among our patients, 13.6% had migraines in their medical history and the idiopathic group accounted for 50% of the population. All four clinical subtypes were found in our population, slowly progressive bilateral vestibulopathy without vertigo was the most frequent one. A percentage of our population could not be categorized into any of the former subtypes, many of these patients were diagnosed with BVP after suffering a single vertigo episode. Lower vHIT gains were found in those patients with Barany's criteria for BVP and oscillopsia was significantly more prevalent in this group. Conclusions: Bilateral vestibulopathy manifests with very different patterns representing a very heterogeneous condition. The distribution of the clinical subtypes and Barany's criteria are a useful clinical tool to differentiate groups of patients. The vHIT can serve as an initial tool for identifying patients with BVP. The finding of bilateral vestibular involvement in a clinically suspected unilateral vestibulopathy should be considered in some patients.

Vestibular Restoration and Adaptation in Vestibular Neuritis and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome With Vertigo.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate vestibular restoration and the evolution of the compensatory saccades in acute severe inflammatory vestibular nerve paralysis, including vestibular neuritis and Ramsay Hunt syndrome with vertigo. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Tertiary referral center. PATIENTS: Vestibular neuritis (n = 18) and Ramsay Hunt syndrome patients with vertigo (n = 13) were enrolled. INTERVENTION: After treatment with oral corticosteroids, patients were followed up for 6 months. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Functional recovery of the facial nerve was scored according to the House-Brackman grading system. Caloric and video head impulse tests were performed in every patient at the time of enrolment. Subsequently, successive video head impulse test (vHIT) exploration was performed at the 1, 3, and 6-month follow-up. RESULTS: Eighteen patients with vestibular neuritis and 13 with Ramsay Hunt syndrome and associated vertigo were included. Vestibular function was significantly worse in patients with Ramsay Hunt syndrome than in those with vestibular neuritis. Similar compensatory saccades velocity and latency values were observed in both groups, in both the caloric and initial vHIT tests. Successive vHIT results showed a significantly higher vestibulo-ocular reflex gain recovery in vestibular neuritis patients than in Ramsay Hunt syndrome patients. A significantly faster reduction in the latency, velocity, and organization of the compensatory saccades was observed in neuritis than in Ramsay Hunt syndrome patients. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to the recovery of the vestibulo-ocular reflex, the reduction of latency, velocity and the organization of compensatory saccades play a role in vestibular compensation.