RESUMO
A clinic-referred population of 116 children with attentional problems was classified by DSM-III [attention deficit disorder (ADD)] with respect to inattention, impulsivity, and hyperactivity. The sample proved to subdivide into three groups: inattentive, impulsive, and hyperactive (HII), n = 60; inattentive and impulsive (II), n = 26; and inattentive (I), n = 30. The distinction between II and I resolves the confounding of impulsivity and inattention in previous studies of children who have ADD but are not hyperactive. The three groups were found to be similar in mean age, gender ratio, prevalence, and pattern of associated learning disabilities, family history of psychopathology, and probability of favorable response to methylphenidate. Group I differed from Groups HII and II in the frequency of externalizing relative to internalizing comorbid psychopathology. A group that is hyperactive and impulsive but not inattentive was not found. The preponderance of similarities in associated characteristics suggests that the three groups are differing clinical presentations of an ADD spectrum.
Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Adolescente , Atenção/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/classificação , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Criança , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/classificação , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos do Comportamento Infantil/psicologia , Filho de Pais com Deficiência/psicologia , Comorbidade , Estudos Cross-Over , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Método Duplo-Cego , Feminino , Humanos , Comportamento Impulsivo/classificação , Comportamento Impulsivo/diagnóstico , Comportamento Impulsivo/tratamento farmacológico , Comportamento Impulsivo/psicologia , Controle Interno-Externo , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/classificação , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/diagnóstico , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiências da Aprendizagem/psicologia , Masculino , Metilfenidato/uso terapêutico , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Aprendizagem por Associação de Pares/efeitos dos fármacos , Determinação da Personalidade , Desenvolvimento da Personalidade , Escalas de Graduação PsiquiátricaRESUMO
Adults with severe dyslexia were compared with age-, sex-, IQ- and SES-matched controls on a neuropsychological and neuromotor test battery, and a contrast group who had recovered from dyslexia was also included. The severely dyslexic group was substantially impaired on tests of verbal fluency and learning, as well as on non-verbal temporal order judgements. These test scores were strong predictors of the degree of reading impairment, as was the rate of repetitive movement of the right hand and foot. The results suggest that adult dyslexia is not 'isolated', but is one expression of a widespread left-hemisphere dysfunction.
