Time of Day and Sleep Deprivation Effects on Risky Decision Making.

Previous research has revealed that daily variations in human neurobehavioral functions are driven in part by the endogenous circadian system. The objective of this study was to explore whether there exists a circadian influence on performance regarding a risky decision-making task and to determine whether the performance changes with sleep deprivation (SD). Thirteen participants underwent a 39 h constant routine (CR) protocol, during which they remained awake in constant conditions and performed the BART (balloon analogue risk task) every two hours. The mean pumps (gains) (p < 0.001) and balloons popped (losses) (p = 0.003) exhibited variation during the CR. The reaction time (RT) also showed significant variation across the CR (p < 0.001), with slower mean RTs in the morning hours following SD. A greater risk propensity was observed around midday before SD and a lower risk propensity after 29.5 h of being awake. The sensitivity to punishment varied during the CR, but did not follow a predictable trend. Further research using real monetary incentives and neurophysiological measures is warranted to elucidate these findings.

Circadian protein expression patterns in healthy young adults.

OBJECTIVES: To explore how the blood plasma proteome fluctuates across the 24-hour day and identify a subset of proteins that show endogenous circadian rhythmicity. METHODS: Plasma samples from 17 healthy adults were collected hourly under controlled conditions designed to unmask endogenous circadian rhythmicity; in a subset of 8 participants, we also collected samples across a day on a typical sleep-wake schedule. A total of 6916 proteins were analyzed from each sample using the SomaScan aptamer-based multiplexed platform. We used differential rhythmicity analysis based on a cosinor model with mixed effects to identify a subset of proteins that showed circadian rhythmicity in their abundance. RESULTS: One thousand and sixty-three (15%) proteins exhibited significant daily rhythmicity. Of those, 431 (6.2%) proteins displayed consistent endogenous circadian rhythms on both a sleep-wake schedule and under controlled conditions: it included both known and novel proteins. When models were fitted with two harmonics, an additional 259 (3.7%) proteins exhibited significant endogenous circadian rhythmicity, indicating that some rhythmic proteins cannot be solely captured by a simple sinusoidal model. Overall, we found that the largest number of proteins had their peak levels in the late afternoon/evening, with another smaller group peaking in the early morning. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals that hundreds of plasma proteins exhibit endogenous circadian rhythmicity in humans. Future analyses will likely reveal novel physiological pathways regulated by circadian clocks and pave the way for improved diagnosis and treatment for patients with circadian disorders and other pathologies. It will also advance efforts to include knowledge about time-of-day, thereby incorporating circadian medicine into personalized medicine.

Sleep Patterns during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain.

BACKGROUND: To mitigate the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, governments around the world adopted exceptional lockdown measures. This led to the disruption of normal life routines, including sleep. The aim of this study was to analyze differences in sleep patterns and subjective variables of sleep quality before and during lockdown. METHODS: A sample of 1673 Spanish adults (30% men; 82% of the total were between 21 and 50 years of age) was evaluated. The following sleep variables were evaluated: Sleep latency, sleep time, number and duration of awakenings, sleep satisfaction, daytime sleepiness, and the manifestation of symptoms related to sleep problems. RESULTS: Although 45% of people changed their sleep schedules (resulting in 42% sleeping longer during lockdown), sleep quality (37.6% worse), daytime sleepiness (28% worse), number of awakenings (36.9% more), and duration of awakenings (45% longer) were markedly worse. Statistical analyses indicated significant differences in all the evaluated sleep variables before and during lockdown in both men and women. Women reported less sleep satisfaction, and more symptoms related to sleep problems than men. CONCLUSIONS: A deterioration in the sleep patterns of the Spanish population, especially women, because of the lockdown declared due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Análisis bibliométrico de las revistas españolas de psicología indexadas en el Emerging Source Citation Index (2018-2020) / Bibliometric analysis of spanish psychology journals indexed in the Emerging Source Citation Index (2018-2020)

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las publicaciones y las revistas españolas de Psicología indexadas en el Emerging Source Citation Index(ESCI) durante los tres últimos años, con el fin de proporcionar información relevante como el indicador de citas de revistas (JCI), el número dedocumentos publicados, temáticas más estudiadas, análisis de indicadores, colaboraciones, etc. Utilizando el rango temporal de 2018-2020, sefiltraron 17 revistas obteniendo un total de 1.247 documentos (1.071 artículos) con 43.697 referencias. Sin contabilizar a España, los paísesmás productivos son México, Brasil y Chile. En cuanto al número de autores, destacan los mismos países en el siguiente orden: Brasil, México yChile. Las revistas con un mayor JCI y número de citas por documento son la Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud (1,08 y 5,17 respectivamente) y la International Journal of Educational Psychology (0,70 y 2,14 respectivamente), siendo la primera de estas la única situada enprimer cuartil. Las que tienen el índice h y g más elevado son la Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud (7 y 10) y Papeles del Psicólogo(6 y 9). Las tres “palabras clave” más utilizadas fueron psicoterapia, adolescentes y ansiedad. (AU)

The aim of this work was to analyze the Spanish psychology publications and journals indexed in the Emerging Source Citation Index (ESCI) duringthe last three years, to provide relevant information such as the journal citation indicator (JCI), the number of published documents, the most studiedtopics, analysis of indicators, collaborations, etc. Using the time range 2018-2020, 17 journals were screened, and a total of 1,247 documents(1,071 articles) with 43,697 references were obtained. Excluding Spain, the most productive countries were Mexico, Brazil, and Chile. In terms ofthe number of authors, the same countries predominate, in the following order: Brazil, Mexico, and Chile. The journals with the highest JCI andnumber of citations per paper were the Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud (1.08 and 5.17 respectively) and the International Journalof Educational Psychology (0.70 and 2.14 respectively), the former being the only one in the first quartile. Those with the highest h and g indexeswere the Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología y Salud (7 and 10 respectively) and Papeles del Psicólogo (6 and 9 respectively). The three mostused «keywords» were psychotherapy, adolescents, and anxiety. (AU)

Characteristics of sleep spindles in school-aged children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex disorder, characterized by different presentations with distinct cognitive and neurobiological characterizations. Here we aimed to investigate whether sleep spindle activity, which has been associated with brain maturation, may be a potential biomarker able to differentiate ADHD presentations in school-aged children (7-11 years). METHOD: Spindle characteristics were extracted from overnight polysomnography in 74 children (27 ADHD-Inattentive [IQ = 96.04], 25 ADHD-hyperactive/impulsive [IQ = 98.9], and 22 ADHD-combined [IQ = 96.1]). We obtained data of the frontal (Fz) and parietal (Pz) derivations using a validated spindle detection algorithm. RESULTS: Children with ADHD showed a higher number and density of slow compared to fast spindles which were more frequent in frontal area. No differences were observed among ADHD presentations for any spindle characteristics. Spindle frequency and density increased with age, indicating an age-dependent maturation of different sleep spindles. However, no associations between IQ and spindle characteristics were observed. CONCLUSIONS: In children with ADHD the spindle characteristics evolve with age but sleep spindle activity does not seem to be a valid biomarker of ADHD phenotypes or general cognitive ability.

Sleep, academic achievement, and cognitive performance in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A polysomnographic study.

The objective of this study was to examine the influence of parent-reported and polysomnography (PSG)-measured sleep patterns on the academic and cognitive performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We assessed 91 children (18 girls) diagnosed with ADHD aged 7-11 years (29 ADHD-Inattentive, 32 ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive, and 31 ADHD-Combined). The Paediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ) and Paediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) were used to assess subjective sleep quality, as perceived by parents, and objective sleep variables were assessed by PSG. Cognitive performance was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), and the final average grade of the last school year was used as a measure of academic performance. Academic performance was predicted by the following sleep variables: Sleep time, time in bed, night awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. The best predictors of cognitive performance in children with ADHD were rapid eye movement latency, light sleep, periodic limb movements index (PLMs), awakenings, and daytime sleepiness. In conclusion, sleep parameters are closely associated with the academic and cognitive functioning of children with ADHD.

Sleep among presentations of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Analysis of objective and subjective measures / El sueño en las diferentes presentaciones del Trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad: análisis de medidas objetivas y subjetivas

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To examine subjective and objective sleep patterns in children with different Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) presentations. METHOD: We assessed 92 children diagnosed with ADHD (29 ADHD-Inattentive [ADHD-I], 31 ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive [ADHD-H/I], and 32 ADHD-Combined [ADHD-C)]) aged 7-11 years. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS), and a sleep diary were used as subjective sleep measures, and polysomnography was used to objectively assess sleep quantity, quality, and fragmentation. RESULTS: Subjective data showed impaired sleep in 12.7% of the sample. No significant differences were found between ADHD presentations in any objective and subjective sleep variable. Nevertheless, data on sleep fragmentation suggested a worse sleep continuity for the ADHD-H/I group, and correlation analyses confirmed that sleep is affected by age. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD may suffer from sleep breathing problems and daytime sleepiness, as reported by their parents, even when their total sleep time and sleep efficiency are not affected. It seems that sleep in this population does not largely vary as a function of the ADHD presentation. Sleep in children with ADHD evolves with age

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Examinar los patrones de sueño subjetivos y objetivos de niños con diferentes presentaciones del Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH). MÉTODO: Se evaluaron 92 niños (29 TDAH-inatento [TDAH-I)], 31 TDAH-hiperactivo/impulsivo [TDAH-H/I] y 32 TDAH-combinado [TDAH-C]) de entre 7-11 años. El Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), la Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) y un diario de sueño se utilizaron como medidas subjetivas de sueño. Para evaluar objetivamente la cantidad, calidad y fragmentación del sueño se utilizó la polisomnografía. RESULTADOS: Los datos subjetivos mostraron alteraciones del sueño en el 12,7% de la muestra. No se observaron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable objetiva y subjetiva de sueño entre las diferentes presentaciones de TDAH. No obstante, los datos de fragmentación de sueño sugirieron una peor continuidad en el grupo con TDAH-H/I, y los análisis correlacionales confirmaron que el sueño se ve afectado por la edad. CONCLUSIONES: Los niños con TDAH pueden experimentar problemas respiratorios durante el sueño y somnolencia diurna, según lo informado por sus padres, incluso cuando su tiempo total y eficiencia de sueño no se vean afectados. Parece que el sueño en el TDAH no varía en función de la presentación. El sueño en los niños con TDAH evoluciona con la edad

Sleep among presentations of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Analysis of objective and subjective measures.

To examine subjective and objective sleep patterns in children with different Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) presentations. METHOD: We assessed 92 children diagnosed with ADHD (29 ADHD-Inattentive [ADHD-I], 31 ADHD-Hyperactive/Impulsive [ADHD-H/I], and 32 ADHD-Combined [ADHD-C)]) aged 7-11 years. The Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS), and a sleep diary were used as subjective sleep measures, and polysomnography was used to objectively assess sleep quantity, quality, and fragmentation. RESULTS: Subjective data showed impaired sleep in 12.7% of the sample. No significant differences were found between ADHD presentations in any objective and subjective sleep variable. Nevertheless, data on sleep fragmentation suggested a worse sleep continuity for the ADHD-H/I group, and correlation analyses confirmed that sleep is affected by age. CONCLUSIONS: Children with ADHD may suffer from sleep breathing problems and daytime sleepiness, as reported by their parents, even when their total sleep time and sleep efficiency are not affected. It seems that sleep in this population does not largely vary as a function of the ADHD presentation. Sleep in children with ADHD evolves with age.

ANTECEDENTES/OBJETIVO: Examinar los patrones de sueño subjetivos y objetivos de niños con diferentes presentaciones del Trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH). Método: Se evaluaron 92 niños (29 TDAH-inatento [TDAH-I)], 31 TDAH-hiperactivo/impulsivo [TDAH-H/I] y 32 TDAH-combinado [TDAH-C]) de entre 7­11 años. El Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire (PSQ), la Pediatric Daytime Sleepiness Scale (PDSS) y un diario de sueño se utilizaron como medidas subjetivas de sueño. Para evaluar objetivamente la cantidad, calidad y fragmentación del sueño se utilizó la polisomnografía. Resultados: Los datos subjetivos mostraron alteraciones del sueño en el 12,7% de la muestra. No se observaron diferencias significativas en ninguna variable objetiva y subjetiva de sueño entre las diferentes presentaciones de TDAH. No obstante, los datos de fragmentación de sueño sugirieron una peor continuidad en el grupo con TDAH-H/I, y los análisis correlacionales confirmaron que el sueño se ve afectado por la edad. Conclusiones: Los niños con TDAH pueden experimentar problemas respiratorios durante el sueño y somnolencia diurna, según lo informado por sus padres, incluso cuando su tiempo total y eficiencia de sueño no se vean afectados. Parece que el sueño en el TDAH no varía en función de la presentación. El sueño en los niños con TDAH evoluciona con la edad.

Economic decision-making in morning/evening-type people as a function of time of day.

Decision-making is affected by psychological factors like emotional state or cognitive control, which may also vary with circadian rhythmicity. Here, we tested the influence of chronotype (32 morning-type versus 32 evening-type) and time of day (9 a.m. versus 5 p.m.) on interpersonal decision-making as measured by the Ultimatum Game. Participants had to accept or reject different economic offers proposed by a virtual participant. Acceptance involved distribution of gains as proposed, whereas rejection resulted in no gain for either player. The results of the game showed a deviation from rational performance, as participants usually rejected the unfair offers. This behaviour was similar for both chronotype groups, and in both times of day. This result may reflect the robustness of decision-making strategies across standard circadian phases under ecological conditions. Furthermore, morning-types invested more time than evening-types to respond to high-uncertainty offers. This more cautious decision-making style of morning-types fits with our finding of higher proactive control as compared to evening-types when performing the AX-Continuous Performance Task. In line with the literature on personality traits, our results suggest that morning-types behave with more conscientiousness and less risk-taking than evening-type individuals.