Data on the cultivation of Prochloron sp. at different salinity levels.

The data in this article describe the population growth of Prochloron cells outside the hosts at the different salinity levels. The cultivation was performed in enriched standard culture media with continuous photoperiod. The culture stock of Prochloron cells which was made as inoculum (starter) in the laboratory was isolated from tunics of an ascidian Lissoclinum patella. The ascidian was obtained from 20 m depth at Malalayang coastal water in Manado Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. The initial stock was kept in 20 ppt liquid medium. Then the cells were transferred into culture chambers, each prepared with different salinities: 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 ppt. After the cells reached exponential phase, some drops of cell suspension were transferred into agar media with the same salinity level until the green colony appeared. Each of the colonies was transferred again into liquid media with the same salinity. Population growth was observed until the death phase. The results of the study show that: (1) the growth of Prochloron cells at different salinity showed a different growth rate; (2) Prochloron cells grew well in salinity of 15 and 35 ppt; (3) the maximum population growth of Prochloron from each treatment varied. Prochloron cells grown in a medium with 35 ppt salinity had a rapid adaptability to the new culture environment. However, the maximum population growth was reached on the 75th day with a cell density of 31.00 × 106 cells/ml in a medium with 15 ppt salinity, much higher than those of the other treatments (20, 25, 30, 35 and 45 ppt). The data presented here are the success of the cultivation of Prochloron cells outside the host.

Post-depositional behaviour of mercury and arsenic in submarine mine tailings deposited in Buyat Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

The post-depositional geochemical behaviour of mercury and arsenic in submarine mine tailings from the Mesel Gold Mine in Buyat Bay, North Sulawesi, Indonesia was assessed by in situ sampling of tailings porewaters using dialysis arrays and seawater and fish monitoring. Under steady-state conditions one year after cessation of tailings discharge, the calculated arsenic efflux incrementally added 0.8 µg/L of arsenic to the overlying seawater. The mercury efflux across the tailings-seawater interface was negligible. The arsenic and mercury concentration in seawater bottom samples monitored biannually during a 9-year post-closure program were 1.54 µg/L and <0.05 µg/L, respectively. Analysis of 650 fish tissue samples, from the post-closure monitoring had mean mercury and arsenic concentrations consistently below the FAO/WHO CODEX, and Australian and New Zealand National Food Standards, respectively. The results of the porewater, seawater and fish tissue demonstrate that the arsenic and mercury-bearing bearing compounds in the tailings are geochemically stable.

Distribution of antifouling biocides and perfluoroalkyl compounds in sediments from selected locations in Indonesian coastal waters.

Coastal marine environments are considered to be the most sensitive areas for the accumulation of organotin (OT) compounds and other emerging new pollutants, such as perfluoroalkyl compounds. Contamination by these compounds is a matter of great concern due to their accumulation and possible negative impact on the coastal environment and organisms. The concentrations of tributyltin (TBT) compounds were greater in Indonesia, i.e., on the order of Bitung > Manado > Jakarta Bay > Gangga Island, and TBT in sediment from Bitung and Manado was the dominant species among butyltin (BT) compounds. Sea Nine 211, diuron, and irgarol 1051 were detected among alternative biocides in Bitung, Manado, and Gangga Island and irgarol 1051 was detected in Jakarta Bay. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorosulfonic acid (PFOS) in Jakarta Bay were detected at 0.25 to 6.1 µg kg(-1) dry weight (dw) and 0.58 to 3.7 µg kg(-1) dw, respectively, and the concentrations of PFOS at most sampling sites were greater than those of PFOA. Thus, coastal waters from Indonesia have already been contaminated by antifouling biocides and perfluoroalkyl compounds.