Entomopathogenic Fungi as Dual Control Agents against Two Phytopathogens and the Lepidopteran Pest Rachiplusia nu in Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr).

Soybean (Glycine max) is one of the most important crops worldwide. This crop is prone to diseases caused by the phytopathogenic fungi Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, and the lepidopteran pest Rachiplusia nu. Biological control using entomopathogenic fungi is a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. In this study, we assessed the antifungal activity of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae against phytopathogens and the pathogenicity of B. bassiana as an endophyte against R. nu. The antagonic activity of the fungal entomopathogens was evaluated in vitro by dual culture bioassays. The feeding preference of R. nu was evaluated in a "free choice" assay under laboratory conditions. Entomopathogenic fungi inhibited the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The best response in all cases was observed when the antagonists were placed in the culture medium two days before the pathogens. B. bassiana was the best antagonist of F. oxysporum, while both antagonists had similar inhibitory effects on M. phaseolina growth. Additionally, B. bassiana, when grown as an endophyte, reduced insects' food preferences and decreased soybean consumption. Findings suggest that entomopathogenic fungi can fulfill multiple roles in the ecosystem. Therefore, the simultaneous expression of both properties should be considered for their application in integrated pest management programs.

ISSR markers to explore entomopathogenic fungi genetic diversity: Implications for biological control of tobacco pests.

Tobacco is one of the major industrial crops cultivated worldwide. Chemical control is the main method employed to reduce damage by insect pests. The use of entomopathogenic fungi represents an alternative to replace insecticides. The search for effective strains in the field constitutes a first step when developing a formulation. The objective of this work was to study genetic differences among isolates of entomopathogenic fungi obtained from tobacco grown soils using ISSR markers. The pathogenicity of the strains towards Helicoverpa gelotopoeon and Diabrotica speciosa was also assessed in order to search for a relationship between virulence and genetic diversity. Nineteen isolates were identified according to morphological features and molecular techniques as Beauveria bassiana (11) and Purpureocillium lilacinum (8). The diversity tree generated by ISSR analysis showed a high diversity among the strains. The pathogenicity towards H. gelotopoeon and D. speciosa was assessed and the logistic models generated showed that B. bassiana isolates LPSc1215 and LPSc1364 were the most pathogenic against both insect pests tested. In the diversity tree, these strains were grouped in a same cluster with a similarity level of approximately 85%, indicating a possible relationship between virulence and the band pattern generated.

Establishment of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana as an endophyte in Capsicum annuum and its effects on the aphid pest Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae) / Establecimiento del hongo entomopatógeno Beauveria bassiana como endófito en Capsicum annuum y sus efectos sobre la plaga del áfido Myzus persicae (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Introduction: Entomopathogenic fungi have been used as biological control agents of insect pests and have demonstrated a promising ability to colonize as endophytes a wide range of plant species. Objective: The aims of this study were to evaluate, in pepper plants, the most effective Beauveria bassiana inoculation techniques. In order to evaluate the presence of natural endophytes and its interaction with B. bassiana. Also to assess the effect of B. bassiana on the aphid Myzus persicae pepper leaf feeding preference and growth. Methods: Three inoculation techniques were evaluated: leaf spraying, seed immersion and root dipping. The pepper plants were inoculated with a conidia suspension adjusted to 1×108 conidia/ml. The presence of B. bassiana in the seedlings was evaluated at 7, 15 and 28 days after inoculation. Results: We found significant statistical differences between inoculation techniques. Foliar spraying showed the highest B. bassiana colonizationfrequency. The natural endophytes presented higher presence in the treatments in which B. bassiana had a low presence. This might indicate the occurrence of antifungal activity that interferes with the establishment of the entomopathogen in pepper tissues. We did not find statistical differences between inoculated and control pepper leaves with regard to the mortality and reproduction of the aphid pest M. persicae. However, the inoculation with B. bassiana showed a tendency to increase the mortality of adults and to decrease the offspring (nymphs). We did not find significant differences in the feeding preference between inoculated and control leaves, although there was a higher number of individuals on control leaves compared to those inoculated. Conclusions: The strain B. bassiana LPSC 1067 was established effectively as an endophyte in the pepper tissues. The most effective inoculation technique was leaf spraying. We did not find differences of statistical significance with regard to the mortality and reproduction of the aphid pest M. persicae. However, the inoculation with B. bassiana showed a tendency to increase the mortality of adults and to decrease the offspring (nymphs). Future studies evaluating the indirect effects of endophytic entomopathogens on both plants and herbivorous insects are needed to further explore their potential use in the management of insect pests.

Introducción: Los hongos entomopatógenos se han utilizado como agentes de control biológico de plagas de insectos y han demostrado una capacidad prometedora para colonizar una amplia gama de especies de plantas como endófitos. Objetivo: Los objetivos de este estudio fueron: evaluar las técnicas de inoculación más efectivas para B. bassiana en plantas de pimiento; evaluar la presencia de endófitos naturales y su interacción con B. bassiana y evaluar el efecto de B. bassiana sobre la preferencia de alimentación de la hoja de pimiento y el crecimiento de la plaga de áfidos M. persicae. Métodos: Se evaluaron tres técnicas de inoculación: aspersión foliar, inmersión de semillas e inmersión de raíces. Las plantas de pimiento se inocularon con una suspensión de conidias ajustada a 1x108 conidias/ml. La presencia de B. bassiana en las plántulas se evaluó a los 7, 15 y 28 días después de la inoculación. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre las técnicas de inoculación. La aspersión foliar mostró la frecuencia más alta. Los endófitos naturales presentaron frecuencias más altas en los tratamientos en los que B. bassiana tuvo una frecuencia baja, esto podría indicar la presencia de actividad antifúngica que interfiere con el establecimiento del entomopatógeno en los tejidos de pimiento. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad, reproducción y preferencia alimentaria de M. persicae. Conclusiones: Se demostró que la cepa B. bassiana LPSC 1067 se estableció efectivamente como endófito en los tejidos de pimiento. La técnica de inoculación más efectiva fue la aspersión foliar. No se encontraron diferencias significativas con respecto a la mortalidad, reproducción y preferencia alimentaria de M. persicae. Sin embargo, la inoculación con B. bassiana mostró una tendencia a aumentar la mortalidad de los adultos y a disminuir la descendencia (ninfas). Se necesitan estudios futuros que evalúen los efectos indirectos de los entomopatógenos endofíticos tanto en plantas como en insectos herbívoros para explorar más a fondo su posible uso en el manejo de insectos plaga.

Endophytic Effects of Beauveria bassiana on Corn (Zea mays) and Its Herbivore, Rachiplusia nu (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae).

Entomopathogenic fungi are widely recognized as agents of biological control worldwide. Their use in agriculture for the regulation of pest populations is a promising alternative to conventional insecticides. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that entomopathogenic fungi fulfill an additional role in plants as growth promoters. The purpose of this investigation was to assess the growth and yield of corn plants colonized with Beauveria bassiana and its effect on the lepidopteran pest Rachiplusia nu. Effects of the fungus on plant growth, crop yield, and vertical transmission were evaluated in the field. Feeding preferences of R. nu larvae were assessed in the laboratory using a "choice test". Corn plants inoculated with B. bassiana showed an increase in height, number of leaves, grain weight, yield, and percentage of seed germination compared to control plants. Consumption of B. bassiana-colonized corn plants by R. nu larvae was reduced compared to feeding levels observed on non-inoculated plants. This study showed that endophytic B. bassiana can provide multiple benefits to Zea mays and can play an important role in future integrated pest management programs.