RESUMO
We report a review examining the psychological wellbeing of parents of children with Down syndrome (DS) relative to that of parents of typically developing (TD) children. A systematic search identified 57 relevant studies, which were synthesised meta-analytically. Relative to their counterparts with TD children, mothers and fathers of children with DS reported higher levels of parenting stress (mothers: g = 0.57, 95% CI [0.33, 0.81]; fathers: g = 0.40, [0.24, 0.56]), depressive symptoms (mothers: g = 0.42, [0.23, 0.61]; fathers: g = 0.25, [0.02, 0.48]) and psychological distress (mothers: g = 0.45, [0.30, 0.60]; fathers: g = 0.63, [0.26, 0.99]). Small effects were found for anxiety for mothers (g = 0.16, [0.03, 0.29]), with no differences for fathers (g = 0.03, [-0.25, 0.32]). No group differences were found for positive impact of parenting (mothers: g = -0.09, [-0.25, 0.07]; fathers: g = -0.04, [-0.30, 0.22]), while evidence concerning other positive wellbeing outcomes was limited. No significant moderating effects of child age range, country income level, or group differences in parental education level were identified, but limited subgroup analyses were possible. Raising a child with DS may be associated with elevated stress, depressive symptoms, and psychological distress for mothers and fathers. However, levels of parenting reward appear equivalent to those experienced by parents raising TD children.
Assuntos
Síndrome de Down , Poder Familiar , Pais , Estresse Psicológico , Humanos , Síndrome de Down/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Estresse Psicológico/psicologia , Criança , Pais/psicologia , Depressão/psicologia , Ansiedade/psicologia , Adulto , Angústia PsicológicaRESUMO
The existing ISIS Penning H(-) source is unable to produce the beam parameters required for the front end test stand and so a new, high duty factor, high brightness scaled source is being developed. This paper details first the development of an electrically biased aperture plate for the existing ISIS source and second, the design, simulation, and development of a prototype scaled source.
Assuntos
Publicidade , Fumar , Indústria do Tabaco , Publicidade/economia , Publicidade/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Responsabilidade Legal , Fumar/economia , Fumar/legislação & jurisprudência , Indústria do Tabaco/economia , Indústria do Tabaco/legislação & jurisprudência , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Complicações Infecciosas na Gravidez , Zidovudina/uso terapêutico , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Países em Desenvolvimento , Custos de Medicamentos , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Lactente , Recém-Nascido , Gravidez , Zidovudina/economiaAssuntos
Promoção da Saúde , Prevenção do Hábito de Fumar , Saúde Global , Humanos , Saúde Pública , Indústria do TabacoRESUMO
PIP: Annually, worldwide, there are approximately 150 million births and 50 million abortions. In Africa, more than 90% of abortions are unsafe, the highest rate in the world. One in 200 women in Africa who have abortions die as a result of the procedure. This mortality rate is the highest in the world, accounting for more than 30% of total maternal mortality in some countries. The latest UN report, published in February 1996, found Africa to claim 20% of the world's births and 40% of global maternal mortality. The best way to reduce abortion-related maternal mortality is to prevent unwanted pregnancy. The second-best defense against the mortality of unsafe abortion is the provision of safe abortion services. The appropriate management of the complications of unsafe abortion can also reduce maternal mortality and morbidity.^ieng