RESUMO
The hyperglycemic hyperosmolar state (HHS) is a serious acute complication of diabetes decompensation, especially in type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and with critical prognosis. Primary characteristics of HHS include extreme hyperglycemia, severe dehydration (with prerenal hyperazotaemia), plasma hyperosmolarity, frequent disorders of consciousness, absent or minimum ketoacidosis (with higher values, only found in combined forms). Both DKA and HHS have a common pathogenetic mechanism, but both states are opposite extreme deviations, and the boundaries between them are not entirely clear. Significant hyperglycemia is at the forefront of HHS, while ketoacidosis dominates in DKA. Various etiopathogenic mechanisms of the onset and development of HHS are discussed, but a clear explanation of the absence of ketoacidosis in HHS is lacking. The most frequent cause of HHS is serious cardiovascular disease, acute stroke, particularly genitourinary and/or respiratory infections, conditions preventing the patient from adequate water intake during osmotic diuresis, the consequences of inappropriate medication therapy, social conditions, and last but not least, it is often the first manifestation especially in type 2 diabetes. The clinical picture is influenced mainly by dehydration, while circulatory changes can lead to heart or circulatory failure and renal insufficiency. HHS is the cause of frequent disturbances of consciousness, and a cerebrovascular event should always be considered. Given the seriousness of HHS prognosis, timely comprehensive and properly guided therapy is of major prognostic significance. HHS treatment (rehydration, insulin therapy, ion substitution) is governed by similar rules as the treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis, but it also varies in many respects. Particular attention should be paid mainly to the control of dehydration. The patient with HHS should always be admitted to the intensive care unit. The most serious complications include cardiovascular complications, acute renal failure, thrombotic events and infectious complications. Given the still high mortality of patients with HHS the research focuses not only on the uncertainties concerning etiopathogenesis, but particularly on establishing safe and effective therapeutic strategies.
Assuntos
Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicações , Coma Hiperglicêmico Hiperosmolar não Cetótico/etiologia , Humanos , PrognósticoRESUMO
As recommendation for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, incorporating individualization of therapeutic targets for patients with co-morbidities, for whom hypoglycemia increases the risk of complications. The sufficient target value is 60 mmol/mol of HbA1c under the guidelines of Czech Diabetesl Society. Insulin therapy becomes essential for a whole line of patients, including those of advanced age, in relation to duration of diabetes and progression of the disease. The Diabetes and Aging Study observed patients of 60 years age with diabetes, in which hypoglycemia ranked among the most frequent side effects of therapy and where incidence increased with age. It is necessary to select simple insulin regimens which are in accordance with the associated diseases and the age of the person. A therapy of basal insulin analogues, linked to a low risk rate of hypoglycemic incidence, enables combination with oral antidiabetic drugs and GLP-1 receptor agonists.Key words: basal insulin analogues - hypoglycemia - type 2 diabetes mellitus.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: Abnormal values of the transient ischemic dilation ratio (TID) according to an exercise myocardial SPECT are linked to severe coronary artery disease. The authors investigated the relationship between TID and the levels of VCAM, ICAM, E-selectin, microalbuminuria, intima-media thickness and HbA(1c) of diabetic subjects. METHODS: We observed 38 subjects with diabetes type 2 (10 women, 28 men), of average age 56.08 +/- 8.24 years, with no past history of cardiovascular disease. All subjects were examined using an exercise myocardial SPECT. Transient ischemic dilation, summed stress score (SSS), summed rest score (SRS) and stress total severity score (STSS) were determined to quantify myocardial ischemia. RESULTS: The average IMT value was 1.05 +/- 0.31 mm. The TID value was 1.02 +/- 0.154, VCAM 795.24 +/- 163.25 mg/l, ICAM 516.55 +/- 164.07, E-selectin 63.82 +/- 38.89, HbA(1c) 7.09 +/- 1.68%, microalbuminuria 68.01 +/- 55.21 mg/l. When ascertaining the relation of TID to the other factors we used Pearson's correlation at the level of significance p < 0.05. We proved a statistically significant correlation between the value of TID and glycosylated hemoglobin HbA(1c) (p = 0.035); the other factors did not show any significant correlation. CONCLUSION: Diabetes and its long- term unsatisfactory compensation can be one of the factors which affect left ventricular transient ischemic dilation.
