Ahorros de costes provinciales en los accidentes viales en España (2000-2014) / Provincial savings of costs in road accidents in Spain (2000-2014)

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue cuantificar los beneficios económicos conseguidos antes y después de la implantación del permiso de conducción por puntos en las vías interurbanas en España. MÉTODO: Estudio descriptivo a través de la construcción de tres indicadores que expresaron el ahorro de costes por el número de víctimas evitadas. Se definieron dos periodos respecto al objetivo y se recopilaron datos de muertos, heridos graves y heridos leves en vías interurbanas entre 1999 y 2014 para cada provincia española. Se utilizaron para cada provincia datos de su población, producto interior bruto o número de vehículos-kilómetros recorridos en sus vías (MVKR). La cuantificación del ahorro se obtuvo utilizando las cifras oficiales de los costes para cada tipo de víctima en precios de 2014. RESULTADOS: El ahorro por habitante en muertos en el periodo de vigencia del permiso de conducción por puntos se situó entre 3,89 euros y 19,65 euros anuales. El ahorro en heridos graves por MVKR se redujo un 15%-66% entre 2006 y 2014, lo que supone anualmente desde 449,15 euros a 1707,88 euros. CONCLUSIONES: Durante el periodo de vigencia del permiso de conducción por puntos las provincias españolas han conseguido importantes ahorros de costes

OBJECTIVE: To quantify cost savings obtained before and after the implementation of the penalty-points driving licence on the interurban roads in Spain. METHOD: Descriptive study through the construction of three indicators that expressed the cost savings by the number of victims avoided. We defined two periods according to the objective and collected data on fatalities, serious injuries and slight injuries on interurban roads in 1999-2014 for each Spanish province. Thus, data for its population, GDP or number of vehicles-kilometres travelled on its roads (MVKT) were used for each province. The quantification of savings was obtained using official figures of costs for each type of victim in 2014 prices. RESULTS: The cost savings per inhabitant on fatalities in the period of validity of the penalty-points driving licence was between € 3.89 and € 19.65 per year. Savings on serious injuries by MVKT were reduced by 15%-66% between 2006 and 2014, being from € 449.15 to 1707.88 € annually. CONCLUSIONS: During the period of validity of the penalty-points driving licence, the Spanish provinces have achieved significant cost savings

[Provincial savings of costs in road accidents in Spain (2000-2014)]. / Ahorros de costes provinciales en los accidentes viales en España (2000-2014).

OBJECTIVE: To quantify cost savings obtained before and after the implementation of the penalty-points driving licence on the interurban roads in Spain. METHOD: Descriptive study through the construction of three indicators that expressed the cost savings by the number of victims avoided. We defined two periods according to the objective and collected data on fatalities, serious injuries and slight injuries on interurban roads in 1999-2014 for each Spanish province. Thus, data for its population, GDP or number of vehicles-kilometres travelled on its roads (MVKT) were used for each province. The quantification of savings was obtained using official figures of costs for each type of victim in 2014 prices. RESULTS: The cost savings per inhabitant on fatalities in the period of validity of the penalty-points driving licence was between ⿬ 3.89 and ⿬ 19.65 per year. Savings on serious injuries by MVKT were reduced by 15%-66% between 2006 and 2014, being from ⿬ 449.15 to 1707.88 ⿬ annually. CONCLUSIONS: During the period of validity of the penalty-points driving licence, the Spanish provinces have achieved significant cost savings.

Interregional inequality and road accident rates in Spain.

The aim of this study was to determine whether interregional inequality in Spain had the same impact on the risks of fatality and injury across the different provinces of Spain, in the period from 1999 to 2015. This allows us to map fatality and injury rates in Spanish provinces depending on their level of economic development. Provinces were divided in two large groups according to the mean weight of their per capita GDP on the national GDP from 2000 to 2015. Using fixed effects data panel models, estimations were obtained for each group of the impact of the relationships between per capita GDP, unemployment rate and other control variables on their risks of fatality and injury. The models reveal that economic conditions and education are explanatory factors with greater significance and impact on the risks of fatality and injury in provinces with higher levels of economic development. In this group, the penalty-points driving licence was found have a greater impact, although its effectiveness is now being questioned. In contrast, to reduce the risks of fatality and injury in less developed provinces, it is imperative to invest in road infrastructure, increasing the proportion of high capacity roads and investing more in road replacement and maintenance. The geographical distribution generated in this study allows us to better identify the areas with a higher risk of fatality or injury. This, in turn, confirms the need to improve the configuration of road safety policy, taking into account the different fatality or injury rates across provinces, the origins of which lie in the specific provincial conditions.

[Analysis of the determinants of cost savings in traffic accidents on interurban roads in Spain]. / Análisis de los factores determinantes del ahorro de costes en accidentes de tráfico en la red de carreteras de España.

OBJECTIVE: The increase in traffic accidents depends on multiple factors; it generates an economic and public health problem that must be analyzed jointly by agents involved in road safety. The aim of the work was to quantify the effect of various factors in the cost savings due to traffic accidents on interurban roads in Spain. METHODS: It was analyzed, through a lineal regression with panel data model and in the period 2000-2017, how different factors affected cost savings due to the risk of mortality or injury avoided on Spanish interurban roads. RESULTS: A 1% increase in traffic volume led to a reduction in costs per MVKT (million vehiclekilometres travelled) of €162.46 referring to the risk of mortality, €115.32 for serious injuries and €10.10 for mild injuries. This increase in unemployment caused a cost reduction of €31.43, €10.76 and €0.98, respectively. The same increase in the investment in replacement implied a reduction of these costs of €11 for any risk. A 1% increase in the ageing index led to an increase in costs of €276.83 in terms of mortality risk and €257.49 in terms of injury. Foreign tourism generated a cost of more than €40 for any risk. A 1% increase in GDP per capita led to an increase in costs of €155.50, €138.09 and €8.21 for defined risks. The points driving license led to an increase in costs of €785.50 per MVKR when referring to mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: Determining factors for cost savings: motorization rate, unemployment rate and investment in replacement interurban roads. Determining factors that increased costs: expiry of the effect of the penalty - points driving licence, ageing index of the population, increase in GDP or proportion of foreign travelers.

OBJETIVO: El incremento de los accidentes de tráfico depende de múltiples factores, generando un problema económico y de salud pública que debe ser analizado conjuntamente por los agentes intervinientes en la seguridad vial. El objetivo del trabajo fue cuantificar el efecto de diversos factores determinantes en el ahorro de costes por accidentes de tráfico en vías interurbanas en España. METODOS: Se analizó, a través de un análisis de regresión mediante datos de panel referidos al período 2000-2017, cómo afectaban diferentes factores al ahorro de costes por cada riesgo de mortalidad o lesividad evitado en las vías interurbanas españolas. RESULTADOS: El aumento del 1% del volumen de tráfico conllevó una reducción de costes por MVKR (millón de vehículos-kilómetros recorridos) de 162,46€ refiriéndonos al riesgo de mortalidad, 115,32€ para lesividad grave y 10,10€ para leve. El aumento en el desempleo supuso una reducción de costes de 31,43€, 10,76€ y 0,98€, respectivamente. Idéntico incremento de la inversión en la reposición implicó una reducción de estos costes de 11€ para cualquier riesgo. El aumento del 1% del índice de envejecimiento comportó un aumento de costes de 276,83€ hablando del riesgo de mortalidad y de 257,49€ si hablamos de lesividad. El turismo extranjero generó un coste superior a los 40€ para cualquier riesgo. El aumento del 1% del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) per cápita conllevó un aumento de costes de 155,50€, 138,09€ y 8,21€ para los riesgos anteriormente definidos. El permiso de conducción por puntos condujo a un incremento de costes de 785,50€ por MVKR al referirnos a los riesgos de mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: Los factores condicionantes del ahorro de costes son el volumen de tráfico, la tasa de paro y la inversión en reposición. Los factores condicionantes del incremento de costes son la caducidad del efecto del permiso de conducción por puntos, el índice de envejecimiento, el incremento del PIB y la proporción de conductores extranjeros.

Análisis de los factores determinantes del ahorro de costes en accidentes de tráfico en la red de carreteras de España / Analysis of the determinants of cost savings in traffic accidents on interurban roads in Spain

OBJETIVO: El incremento de los accidentes de tráfico depende de múltiples factores, generando un problema económico y de salud pública que debe ser analizado conjuntamente por los agentes intervinientes en la seguridad vial. El objetivo del trabajo fue cuantificar el efecto de diversos factores determinantes en el ahorro de costes por accidentes de tráfico en vías interurbanas en España. MÉTODOS: Se analizó, a través de un análisis de regresión mediante datos de panel referidos al período 2000-2017, cómo afectaban diferentes factores al ahorro de costes por cada riesgo de mortalidad o lesividad evitado en las vías interurbanas españolas. RESULTADOS: El aumento del 1% del volumen de tráfico conllevó una reducción de costes por MVKR (millón de vehículos-kilómetros recorridos) de 162,46€ refiriéndonos al riesgo de mortalidad, 115,32€ para lesividad grave y 10,10€ para leve. El aumento en el desempleo supuso una reducción de costes de 31,43€, 10,76€ y 0,98€, respectivamente. Idéntico incremento de la inversión en la reposición implicó una reducción de estos costes de 11€ para cualquier riesgo. El aumento del 1% del índice de envejecimiento comportó un aumento de costes de 276,83€ hablando del riesgo de mortalidad y de 257,49€ si hablamos de lesividad. El turismo extranjero generó un coste superior a los 40€ para cualquier riesgo. El aumento del 1% del Producto Interior Bruto (PIB) per cápita conllevó un aumento de costes de 155,50€, 138,09€ y 8,21€ para los riesgos anteriormente definidos. El permiso de conducción por puntos condujo a un incremento de costes de 785,50€ por MVKR al referirnos a los riesgos de mortalidad. CONCLUSIONES: Los factores condicionantes del ahorro de costes son el volumen de tráfico, la tasa de paro y la inversión en reposición. Los factores condicionantes del incremento de costes son la caducidad del efecto del permiso de conducción por puntos, el índice de envejecimiento, el incremento del PIB y la proporción de conductores extranjeros

OBJECTIVE: The increase in traffic accidents depends on multiple factors; it generates an economic and public health problem that must be analyzed jointly by agents involved in road safety. The aim of the work was to quantify the effect of various factors in the cost savings due to traffic accidents on interurban roads in Spain. METHODS: It was analyzed, through a lineal regression with panel data model and in the period 2000-2017, how different factors affected cost savings due to the risk of mortality or injury avoided on Spanish interurban roads. RESULTS: A 1% increase in traffic volume led to a reduction in costs per MVKT (million vehiclekilometres travelled) of €162.46 referring to the risk of mortality, €115.32 for serious injuries and €10.10 for mild injuries. This increase in unemployment caused a cost reduction of €31.43, €10.76 and €0.98, respectively. The same increase in the investment in replacement implied a reduction of these costs of €11 for any risk. A 1% increase in the ageing index led to an increase in costs of €276.83 in terms of mortality risk and €257.49 in terms of injury. Foreign tourism generated a cost of more than €40 for any risk. A 1% increase in GDP per capita led to an increase in costs of €155.50, €138.09 and €8.21 for defined risks. The points driving license led to an increase in costs of €785.50 per MVKR when referring to mortality risks. CONCLUSIONS: Determining factors for cost savings: motorization rate, unemployment rate and investment in replacement interurban roads. Determining factors that increased costs: expiry of the effect of the penalty - points driving licence, ageing index of the population, increase in GDP or proportion of foreign travelers

Impact of provincial characteristics on the number of traffic accident victims on interurban roads in Spain.

This study has two aims. The first is to determine how various factors impact on the number of fatalities, serious injuries and slight injuries adjusted for the level of traffic on interurban roads in Spain. The second is to establish the number of victims per million vehicle-kilometres (veh-km) travelled on interurban roads in each province resulting from the effect of its specific characteristics. To this end, we developed six fixed effect panel data models with panel corrected standard errors for the 1999-2015 period. Our results show that while the proportion of high capacity roads, the unemployment rate and the motorization rate contribute to a reduction in the number of fatalities, serious injuries and slight injuries adjusted for level of traffic, the penalty-points licence system is effective in reducing the number of fatalities and serious injuries but not the number of slight injuries. Furthermore, the specific conditions in Ávila, Toledo, Madrid, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, the Balearic Islands, Lleida and all the provinces on the Mediterranean coast cause a higher number of victims per million veh-km travelled than in the remaining provinces. Thus, greater public investment and more socially responsible behaviour are essential tools for reducing the number of traffic accident victims on Spanish interurban roads. Moreover, the provincial institutions emerge as key agents in improving road safety, due to their greater knowledge of the specific conditions and factors affecting each province.