Burnout Syndrome and Sleep Quality in Basic Education Teachers in Mexico.

Burnout syndrome (BS) is the result of chronic stress in the workplace. Moreover, chronic stress can affect sleep. A unidirectional relationship has been established between burnout and sleep, and it is known that white-collar workers with burnout syndrome have sleep fragmentation and marked daytime sleepiness. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between burnout and sleep quality in elementary school teachers in Mexico. METHODS: We collected data from more than 400 teachers who completed tests. Correlation analyses controlled for anxiety and depression, and Poisson logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the relationships of burnout with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety. RESULTS: There was a significant correlation between burnout syndrome (mainly in the dimension of emotional exhaustion) and sleep disturbances; significant correlations were also observed with other burnout, depression, and anxiety dimensions. The strength of the correlations decreased after controlling for depression and anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: The symptoms of burnout syndrome in teachers can overlap with sleep disorders, so it is necessary to make a differential diagnosis to differentiate burnout syndrome from depression and anxiety, among others.

Nocturia as a clinical indicator of severe obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its response to CPAP or surgical treatment.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is a common condition that has been associated to a number of metabolic, cardiovascular and cognitive consequences. Its diagnosis relies on a polysomnographic or polygraphic study, but clinical findings remain as an important part of the diagnostic process. Nocturia is a common symptom that may indicate severe OSAS, but it is often forgotten in the initial evaluation of these kind of patients. Positive airway pressure (CPAP) is known to reduce nocturia, but the roll of surgery is not clear about it. Material and Methods: A case series is presented. We compare 2 groups of male adults with severe OSAS, the first group treated with CPAP for 3 months, while group 2 underwent a multilevel surgical management. Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and the nocturia events number (NEN) were assessed before and after the treatment. Frequencies, descriptive statistics and a related sample Student's t-test were performed for statistical analysis. Results: 97 male patients were included, age ranged from 29 to 71 years old. In group 1, treated with CPAP, AHI mean was 54.59 and nocturia mean 4.53 before treatment. With CPAP, the AHI mean was 6.63 and NEN mean 0.51. In group 2, AHI mean before surgery was 40.02, NEN mean 3.78, and after the surgical management AHI mean was 7.74 and NEN mean 0.7. Student's t-test in groups 1 and 2 showed a p=0.000. Conclusions: AHI and NEN were clearly related in both groups, and the improvement of NEN and AHI were consistent in both groups, the CPAP and the surgical treatment. The presence of a NEN value of 4-5 may be an indicator of severe OSAS and should always be clinically evaluated.

Decrease of respiratory events in patients with obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome using a mandibular advancement device assessed with split night polysomnography.

INTRODUCTION: Mandibular advancement device (MAD) may represent a feasible choice in the treatment of obstructive sleep apnea-hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS), in well selected patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to assess the efficacy of MAD in patients with OSAHS, using split night polysomnography (SNP). METHOD: We performed an auto controlled clinical trial to assess the efficacy of MAD in 30 patients with snoring and OSAHS. Clinical evaluation was made every 2 weeks to adjust treatment and observe changes in clinical symptoms. Three-months after placement of the MAD, a SNP was performed, using the MAD in the second half of the night, in order to compare the respiratory results. RESULTS: SNP show significant changes with use of MAD (p<0.05) such as: Decrease in Snore index (from 159.95 to 32.46/h) and in Apnea-hypopnea index (AHI, from 22.45 to 4.63/h), increase in oxygen saturation (SaO2, from 89.98% to 91.39%) and somnolence improvement, using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (from 14.4 to 4.6 points). CONCLUSION: Our data supports that the use of MAD is an alternative in the management of OSAHS, in well selected patients, used in a multidisciplinary fashion, and evaluated using a SNP.

Exploración física y endoscópica en pacientes con Síndrome de Apnea Obstructiva de Sueño: comparación en posición sentado vs posición supina / Correlation Between Supine and Sitting Position, In The Physical And Endoscopic Evaluation Of The Airway In Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea Suspicion

Es muy importante establecer el sitio de obstrucción en la vía aérea, en pacientes con sospecha de apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS); la obstrucción ocurre mientras dormimos, por lo tanto ¿la evaluación en posición supina debería dar una mejor información del estado de la vía aérea? Establecer la correlación y diferencias entre la evaluación en posición supina y sentado, mediante el examen físico y endoscópico. Métodos: Cohorte longitudinal, observacional, prospectiva, analítica y prolectiva. Se evaluaron 63 pacientes con sospecha de AOS mediante: posición de la lengua según Friedman, maniobra de Müller y evaluación endoscópica de la vía aérea en posición supina y sentado. Se evaluó la correlación y diferencias entre cada grupo. Resultados: No hay diferencia significativa entre la posición supina y sentado tanto en la evaluación física y endoscópica de la vía aérea, sin ser modificado por sexo o IMC. Se encontró un coeficiente de correlación > 0,8 con p=<0,001 entre la evaluación sentado y en supino. Conclusiones: No hay diferencia entre la evaluación de la vía aérea en posición supino y sentado, pero con una correlación significativa de los hallazgos de estos dos grupos, por esta razón no es necesario evaluar la vía aérea en posición supina...

Introduction: It is very important to establish the site of obstruction in the airway, in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) suspicion. All these events occur in the supine position while the patient is sleeping; therefore the evaluation in the supine position would give a better assessment of the airway obstruction? Objective: establish the correlation and difference between supine and sitting position evaluation of the physical and endoscopic assessment of the airway. Methods: This was a longitudinal, observational, prospective, analytic study and prolective cohort. We collected 63 patients with suspicion of OSA, they were assessed with the Friedman tongue position, Müller maneuver and endoscopic evaluation of the airway in supine and sitting position. We evaluate the correlation and differences of each one. Results: There is no statistical significance between sitting and supine position findings in the physical and endoscopic evaluation, without influence by sex or BMI. With correlation coefficient >0,8 with a statistical significance p=<0,001 between sitting and supine evaluation. Conclusion: No difference in the evaluation of the airway in sitting and supine position, but with a significance correlation between the findings. For this reason is not necessary to do the airway evaluation in the supine position...

[Clinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia in the elderly]. / Guía de práctica clínica. Diagnóstico y tratamiento del insomnio en el adulto mayor.

Insomnia is the difficulty to initiate or to maintain sleep. It also has to do with waking up too early at least for a month. A patient with insomnia has daytime consequences such as fatigue, sleepiness, changes in mood, lose of concentration, as well as changes in his social performance and his family relationships, among others. The relationship between this disorder and physical and mental health is important due to the impact that it has on the quality of life and life expectancy of those who suffer from it. Unfortunately, insomnia usually goes unnoticed or untreated, which contributes to the onset or worsening of psychiatric and medical conditions. This exacerbates the problem of insomnia in the elderly people. In relation to the treatment it is recommended: 1) the search and management of secondary causes of insomnia, 2) a non-drug therapy that includes sleep hygiene measures, 3) pharmacotherapy. It is not recommended to start a treatment with a hypnotic drug without rule out medications or diseases that cause or exacerbate insomnia. It is not recommended the use of narcoleptics, melatonin, antihistamines or long half-life benzodiazepines. The consequences include limitations on activities of daily living, loss of functionality, impaired quality of life, increased morbidity and mortality, as well as the worsening of preexisting chronic conditions.

El insomnio es la dificultad para conciliar o mantener el sueño; también consiste en despertar demasiado temprano al menos durante un mes. Un paciente con insomnio presenta consecuencias diurnas como fatiga, somnolencia, deterioro de la memoria, cambios en el estado de ánimo, en la concentración, así como en su desempeño social o familiar, entre otros. La asociación de este padecimiento con la salud física y mental es importante debido al impacto que tiene en la calidad y la esperanza de vida de los que lo padecen. Desafortunadamente, el insomnio suele pasar desapercibido o no tratarse, lo cual contribuye al empeoramiento de condiciones médicas y psiquiátricas. Esto se acentúa más en los adultos mayores, grupo por demás vulnerable. En relación con el tratamiento se recomienda aplicar la siguiente combinación: 1) la búsqueda y el manejo de causas secundarias de insomnio, 2) alguna terapia no farmacológica que incluya medidas de higiene del sueño, 3) tratamiento farmacológico. No es recomendable comenzar el tratamiento con un hipnótico sin haber descartado fármacos o enfermedades que provoquen o exacerben este padecimiento. Tampoco se recomienda el uso de neurolépticos, melatonina, antihistamínicos o benzodiacepinas de vida media larga. Las consecuencias incluyen limitación en las actividades de la vida diaria, pérdida de la funcionalidad, deterioro en la calidad de vida, incremento en la morbimortalidad, además del empeoramiento de las condiciones crónicas prexistentes.

Efficacy of submucosal sodium tetradecyl sulfate in the soft palate as a treatment of the mild obstructive sleep apnea syndrome: a pilot study.

Background. As described by Mair et al. in 2001, snoreplasty, the application of sclerosant agents in the palate is a promising and cheap alternative to treat snoring. We decided to try this kind of therapy for the management of mild sleep apnea. Study Design. Experimental, longitudinal, prospective, nonrandomized, self-controlled pilot study. Methods. 11 patients were included, all of them with a polysomnographic study showing an Apnea-Hypopnea Index (AHI) from 5 to 20, and with a Müller maneuver showing only retropalatal collapse. Results. We found significant decrease in the number of apneas hypopneas and oxygen desaturation as well as in the snoring index (P < 0.05), although no differences were found in the number of arousals. Conclusion. Sclerosant agents might become a relevant part in the treatment of sleep apnea, in very well-selected patients.

Aspectos moleculares de la demencia asociada con el SIDA / Molecular aspects of dementia associated with AIDS

Se ha observado una variedad de trastornos neuropsiquiátricos entre 20 y 30 por ciento de los pacientes que padecen del síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida (SIDA). Debido a que las neuronas no se infectan directamente con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia adquirida (HIV), las manifestaciones fisiopatológicas de la demencia asociada con el SIDA (ADC) podrían estar relacionadas con mecanismos indirectos. La glucoproteína 120 de la envoltura viral (gp 120) derivada del VIH parece desempeñar un papel importante en el desarrollo de la ADC. Una cantidad cada vez mayor de experimentos han indicado que las concentraciones nanomolares de la gp120 derivada del VIH produce muerte neuronal in vivo, en tanto que las concentraciones picomolares matan a las neuronas in vitro. Los datos recientes sugieren que para inducir el daño neuronal, los receptores a citocinas y el CD4+ desempeñan un papel muy importante en la activación de eventos intracelulares que conducen a un incremento del Ca++ intracelular con la participación de los canales NMDA, lo que dispara los eventos intracelulares y la apoptosis. Entender el mecanismo del daño neuronal desde un punto de vista molecular y conductual, probablemente nos proporcionará el conocimiento para encontrar el tratamiento y la manera de prevenir esta complicación clínica. En esta revisión se incluye también el desarrollo de modelos animales para el estudio del mecanismo fisiopatológico de la demencia asociada con el SIDA