Primitive neuroectodermal tumor of the esophagus with metastasis in the pineal gland.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNET) are very rare tumors that belong to a family of malignant neoplasms of tiny round cells which are derived from the neural crest. This report discusses a rare case of an adult woman with esophageal PNET, confirmed by immunohistochemistry, that presented with metastasis to the pineal gland. To our knowledge, this is the first case report of a PNET with these features. Despite surgery and chemotherapeutic treatment, our case has shown disease progression.

MicroRNA-21 predicts response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer.

PURPOSE: The treatment of choice for locally advanced rectal cancer is preoperative chemoradiotherapy. Despite half of patients do not respond and suffer unnecessary toxicities and surgery delays, there are no biomarkers to guide preoperative CRT outcome. MicroRNA-21 has been related to acquisition of 5-fluorouracil resistance; however, its potential predictive value of response to preoperative chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer remains unknown. METHODS: Nighty-two patients diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer who were preoperatively treated with chemoradiotherapy were selected for this study. Moreover, microRNA-21 expression was quantified in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded biopsies from this cohort, and the results obtained were correlated with clinical and molecular characteristics, pathological response, and outcome. RESULTS: MicroRNA-21 was found overexpressed in 77.6% cases, and significantly correlated with tumor grade after preoperative chemoradiotherapy (P = 0.013) and with pathological response (P = 0.013). The odds ratio of having miR-21 overexpression and not getting a respond to chemoradiotherapy resulted in 9.75 CI 2.24 to 42. Sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive values, and positive predictive value were 86.6, 60, 42.8, and 92%, respectively. Multivariate analysis confirmed the clinical significance of miR-21 determining preoperative chemoradiotherapy response. CONCLUSIONS: MicroRNA-21 expression efficiently predicts preoperative chemoradiotherapy pathological response in locally advanced rectal cancer.

Disminución de las infecciones frente al ascenso de la alergia, autoinmunidad e inmunoinflamación / Reduction of infections versus the increase of allergy, auto-immunity and inflammation

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[Gastric adenocarcinoma: approach to a complex biological reality]. / Adenocarcinoma gástrico: intento de aproximación a una realidad biológica compleja.

The authors review the complex biological reality of gastric adenocarcinoma from several viewpoints. It is a neoplasm histologically expressed as a dual process (intestinal and diffuse types) with a broad cytological diversity. From an epidemiological point of view, it behaves as an entity with a deep geographical asymmetry and a changing incidence, currently decreasing. There is a multifactorial etiology with a combination of genetic, infectious (H. pylori), nutritional and environmental factors. It might have a multiphasic gestation from precancerous lesions, though not always following a lineal sequence. We only know fragmentary portions of its pathogenesis whose common denominator is a potentially mutagenic mitogenic activation of the epithelial cells implicated. A good knowledge of this complex biological reality will allow the identification of better markers for an early diagnosis as well as vulnerable etiopathogenetic points for a useful prevention and therapy.

Adenocarcinoma gástrico: intento de aproximación a una realidad biológica compleja / Gastric adenocarcinoma: approach to a complex biological reality

En el presente artículo se revisa la compleja realidad biológica del adenocarcinoma gástrico desde varios puntos de vista. Se trata de una neoplasia que se expresa histopatológicamente como un proceso dual (tipos intestinal y difuso) con una amplia diversidad citológica. Epidemiológicamente se comporta como una entidad con una profunda asimetría geográfica y un perfil de incidencia cambiante, en declive. Presenta una etiología multifactorial, en la que se combinan factores genéticos, infecciosos (Helicobacter pylori), alimentarios y ambientales. Podría tener una gestación multifásica desde lesiones precancerosas, aunque no siempre sigue una secuencia lineal. Sólo conocemos parcelas fragmentarias de su patogenia, cuyo común denominador es una activación mitógena potencialmente mutágena de las células epiteliales implicadas. Conocer bien esta compleja realidad biológica nos permitirá identificar mejores marcadores para un diagnóstico precoz y puntos etiopatogénicos vulnerables para una prevención y un tratamiento más eficaces

The authors review the complex biological reality of gastric adenocarcinoma from several viewpoints. It is a neoplasm histologically expressed as a dual process (intestinal and diffuse types) with a broad cytological diversity.From an epidemiological point of view, it behaves as an entity with a deep geographical asymmetry and a changing incidence, currently decreasing. There is a multifactorial etiology with a combination of genetic, infectious (H. pylori), nutritional and environmental factors. It might have a multiphasic gestation from precancerous lesions, though not always following a lineal sequence. We only know fragmentary portions of its pathogenesis whose common denominator is a potentially mutagenic mitogenic activation of the epithelial cells implicated. A good knowledge of this complex biological reality will allow the identification of better markers for an early diagnosis as well as vulnerable etiopathogenetic points for a useful prevention and therapy

Aspirin inhibits endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and Flk-1 (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2) prior to rat colon tumour development.

Formation of blood vessels is a fundamental element in the control of tumour growth in which vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and nitric oxide (NO) have been demonstrated to be involved. Our aim was to analyse whether changes in the expression of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) and VEGF in colonic tissue could be detected early and even before the identification of colon tumour-associated morphological modifications in azoxymethane-treated rats. We studied further whether aspirin treatment changed these parameters. An increased expression of both eNOS and VEGF in colonic tissue from azoxymethane-treated rats compared with that from control rats was found. Aspirin treatment (10 mg/kg of body weight per day) reduced eNOS expression, but failed to modify the expression of VEGF in the colonic tissue of azoxymethane-treated rats. No evidence of aberrant crypt formation or changes in the number of blood vessels were observed in the colon of any of the animals studied. Expression of the VEGF receptor Flk-1, but not Flt-1, was increased in colonic tissue of azoxymethane-treated rats compared with control rats. The expression of Flk-1 was mainly localized in the epithelial cells, particularly in the lower part of the crypt. Aspirin treatment reduced Flk-1 expression in both control and azoxymethane-treated rats. Caspase-3 activity, which has been considered as an apoptotic index, was almost undetectable in azoxymethane-treated rats. Aspirin treatment stimulated caspase-3 activity. Overexpression of eNOS, VEGF and its receptor Flk-1 occurred early after azoxymethane administration in rat colonic tissue, even before morphological changes associated with tumour generation were observed, and aspirin prevented the overexpression of both eNOS and VEGF receptor Flk-1.