Enhancing Salt Stress Tolerance in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) through Silicon Application in Roots.

Soil salinization poses a significant threat to agricultural productivity, necessitating innovative agronomic strategies to mitigate its impact. This study focuses on improving salt stress resistance in tomato plants through the application of silicon (Si) in roots. A greenhouse experiment was carried out under normal conditions (control, and 1 and 4 mM Si) and under salinity stress (salt control, and 1 and 4 mM Si). Various parameters were analyzed in leaves and roots. Under normal conditions, tomato plants grown in non-saline conditions exhibited some toxicity when exposed to Na2SiO3. As for the experiments under salt stress conditions, Si mitigated oxidative damage, preserving root cell membrane integrity. The concentration of malondialdehyde was reduced by 69.5%, that of proline was reduced by 56.4% and there was a 57.6% decrease in catalase activity for tomato plants treated with 1 mM Si under salt stress. Furthermore, Fe uptake and distribution, under salt conditions, increased from 91 to 123 mg kg-1, the same concentration as that obtained for the normal control. In all cases, the lower dose produced better results under normal conditions than the 4 mM dose. In summary, this research provides a potential application of Si in non-fertigated crop systems through a radicular pathway.

Test-retest reliability of a functional electromechanical dynamometer on swing eccentric hamstring exercise measures in soccer players.

BACKGROUND: The use of a functional electromechanical dynamometer (FEMD) has been proposed as a valid and effective tool to evaluate specific movement patterns. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of FEMD on swing eccentric hamstring exercise (SEHE) measures in soccer players. METHODS: Nineteen federated male soccer players (20.74 ± 4.04 years) performed the SEHE at three different isokinetic velocities (20-40-60 cm/s). These evaluations were conducted in four sessions, two for familiarization and two for registration. The average and maximum load (N) of the three isokinetic velocities was calculated from the values obtained from the FEMD (Dynasystem®, Bangalore). RESULTS: The main results of this research showed that the reliability was high for the average load in the condition of 40 cm/s, presenting the highest ICC value (0.94). For maximum load, reliability was high in the condition of 20 cm/s. The manifestation of the most reliable load was the maximum load (ICC = 0.91-0.87). CONCLUSIONS: FEMD (Dynasystem®, Bangalore) is a reliable device to evaluate the eccentric strength of the hamstring muscles in soccer players.

Social participation and independence in activities of daily living: a cross sectional study.

BACKGROUND: It is today widely accepted that participation in social activities contributes towards successful ageing whilst, at the same time, maintaining independence in the activities of daily living (ADLs) is the sine qua non for achieving that end. This study looks at people aged 65 and over living in an urban area in Spain who retain the ability to attend Social Centres providing recreational facilities. The aim of this paper is to quantify independence and identify the risk factors involved in its deterioration. METHODS: The sample size was calculated using the equation for proportions in finite populations based on a random proportional sample type, absolute error (e) = 0.05, alpha = 0.05, beta = 0.1, p = q = 0.5. Two-stage sampling was used. In the first place, the population was stratified by residence and a Social Centre was randomly chosen for each district. In the second stage, individuals were selected in a simple random sample without replacement in proportion to the number of members at each social centre.A multivariate logistical regression analysis takes functional ADL capacity as the dependent variable. The choice of predictive variables was made using a bivariate correlation matrix. Among the estimators obtained, Nagelkerke's R2 coefficient, and the Odds ratio (CI 95%) were considered. Sensitivity and 1-specificity were adopted to present the results in graphic form. RESULTS: Out of this sample, 63.7% were fully capable of carrying out ADLs, while the main factors contributing to deterioration, identified on the basis of a logistic regression model, are in order of importance, poor physical health, poor mental health, age (above 75 years) and gender (female). The model employed has a predictive value of 88% and 92% (depending on the age range considered) with regard to the independence in ADLs. CONCLUSION: A review of the few Spanish works using similar methodology shows that the percentage of non-institutionalised persons who are independent enough to carry out ADLs is considerably lower than that found in this study of socially-active persons. Participation in recreational activities as part of a community may delay the onset of the dependence associated with ageing.

Capacidad funcional para las actividades de la vida diaria en las personas mayores que acudieron a centros de convivencia en Zaragoza capital en 2005 / Functional capacity for daily living activities among senior citizens attending community centers in the city of Zaragoza, Spain, 2005

Fundamento: Estudiar la dependencia asociada al envejecimientoresulta de especial interés en Aragón, cuya poblaciónes una de las más envejecidas de España. El objetivo del trabajoes cuantificar el grado de dependencia funcional para lasactividades de la vida diaria (AVD) e identificar las característicaspersonales asociadas a la misma en personas de 65 y másaños que, viviendo en sus hogares, asisten a Centros de Convivenciade la ciudad de Zaragoza.Métodos: Estudio transversal con 380 individuos elegidospor muestreo bietápico. Se aplicó el cuestionario OARS-MFAQmediante entrevista personal, analizando cuestiones que valoranla capacidad funcional para desarrollar las AVD y su puntuación(variable dependiente), variables sociodemográficas, salud autopercibiday ayuda informal real e hipotética (variables independientes).Se aplicó chi-cuadrado y se valoraron los residualestipificados (p<0,05) y análisis de correspondencias múltiples.Resultados: El 9,6% de los sujetos presentaba “dependenciagrave/absoluta”, porcentaje que aumentaba a 15,5% y a 18,7%para las personas mayores de 75 y 80 años respectivamente. La“dependencia leve/moderada” está relacionada con ser mujer(p<0,01), salud autopercibida mala-regular (p<0,0001), serviudo/a (p<0,01), y sin estudios primarios (p<0,01).Conclusiones: Son más dependientes las personas másmayores, mujeres, viudos/as, con menor nivel de estudios ypeor salud autopercibida. Prácticamente una de cada diez personasde 65 y más años no institucionalizadas presenta deteriorograve en su capacidad funcional. Extrapolando, casi11.000 personas en Zaragoza capital requerirían ayuda diariapara las AVD o deberían permanecer institucionalizadas(AU)

Background: To study the dependence related to aging is ofparticular interest in Aragon, where the population is one of the most agedin Spain. The objective of this study is that of quantifying the degree offunctional dependence for daily living activities (DLA) and identifying thepersonal traits related thereto among individuals age 65 and above who areliving at home and attend Community Centers in the city of Zaragoza.Methods: Cross-sectional study with 380 individuals selected bytwo-stage sampling. The OARS-MFAQ questionnaire was used by way ofpersonal interviews, analyzing questions which assess the functionalcapacity to carry out the DLA’s and their scoring (dependent variable),sociodemographic variables, self-assessed health condition and actualand hypothetical informal help (independent variables). The chi-squarewas used for evaluating classified residual data (p<0.05) and multiplecorrespondence analyses.Results: A total of 9.6% of the subjects showed “major/totaldependence”, this percentage increasing to 15.5% and 18.7% for thoseindividuals above age 75 and 80, respectively. The “minor/moderatedependence” is related to being a female (p<0.01), health condition selfassessedas poor-passable (p<0.0001), being a widow(er) (p<0.01),having no elementary school education (p<0.01).Conclusions: Those individuals who are more elderly, females,widow/widowers, having a lesser degree of education and worse selfassessedhealth condition are more dependent. Practically one out ofevery ten non-institutionalized individuals 65 years of age or over showsa severe deterioration of their functional capacity. Extrapolating, nearly11,000 individuals in the city of Zaragoza would require daily help for theDLA’s or should stay institutionalized(AU)

[Functional capacity for daily living activities among senior citizens attending Community Centers in the city of Zaragoza, Spain, 2005]. / Capacidad funcional para las actividades de la vida diaria en las personas mayores que acudieron a Centros de Convivencia en Zaragoza capital en 2005.

BACKGROUND: To study the dependence related to aging is of particular interest in Aragon, where the population is one of the most aged in Spain. The objective of this study is that of quantifying the degree of functional dependence for daily living activities (DLA) and identifying the personal traits related thereto among individuals age 65 and above who are living at home and attend Community Centers in the city of Zaragoza. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with 380 individuals selected by two-stage sampling. The OARS-MFAQ questionnaire was used by way of personal interviews, analyzing questions which assess the functional capacity to carry out the DLA's and their scoring (dependent variable), sociodemographic variables, self-assessed health condition and actual and hypothetical informal help (independent variables). The chi-square was used for evaluating classified residual data (p<0.05) and multiple correspondence analyses. RESULTS: A total of 9.6% of the subjects showed "major/total dependence", this percentage increasing to 15.5% and 18.7% for those individuals above age 75 and 80, respectively. The "minor/moderate dependence" is related to being a female (p<0.01), health condition self-assessed as poor-passable (p<0.0001), being a widow(er) (p<0.01), having no elementary school education (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Those individuals who are more elderly, females, widow/widowers, having a lesser degree of education and worse self-assessed health condition are more dependent. Practically one out of every ten non-institutionalized individuals 65 years of age or over shows a severe deterioration of their functional capacity. Extrapolating, nearly 11,000 individuals in the city of Zaragoza would require daily help for the DLA's or should stay institutionalized.

Normas para el transporte de agentes quimicos peligrosos

Muestra un enfoque de la adopción de las diferentes disposiciones reglamentarias para la elaboración, almacenamiento y transporte de sustancias peligrosas en México. Muestra algunos criterios del manejo y algunos riesgos en sustancias peligrosas, explosivas, oxidantes inflamables, tóxicas y corrosivas. Contiene recomendaciones para la carga y descarga de estas sustancias