Adapt conservation biology teaching to address eco-anxiety in students.

The fear of environmental doom (eco-anxiety) is a new and growing source of mental distress that could particularly affect the next generation of conservation biologists. With care and empathy, educators can help to prevent worsening the mental health of students.

The trade-off between color and size in lizards' conspicuous tails.

A tail of conspicuous coloration is hypothesized to be an advantageous trait for many species of lizards. Predator attacks would be directed to a non-vital, and autotomizable, body part, increasing the chance of survival. However, as body size increases it also increases the signaling area that could attract predators from greater distances, increasing the overall chance of predation. Here, we test the hypothesis that there is a trade-off between tail color and size, affecting predation probabilities. We used plasticine replicas of lizards to study the predation patterns of small and large lizards with red and blue tails. In a natural environment, we exposed six hundred replicas to the attacks of free-ranging predators. Large red-tailed replicas were more attacked by birds. Mammals and unidentified predators showed no preference for any size or colors. The attacks were not primarily directed to conspicuous tails when compared to the bodies/heads of our replicas. Our study suggests that red color signals in large lizards could enhance their detection by visually oriented predators (i.e., birds). The efficacy of conspicuous tails as a decoy may rely on associated behavioral displays, which are hard to test with static replicas.

O relacionamento entre pessoas e serpentes no leste de Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil / The relationship between people and snakes in eastern Minas Gerais, southeastern Brazil

O conhecimento popular sobre as serpentes, incluindo as práticas adotadas em casos de acidentes ofídicos, foi abordado neste estudo etnozoológico realizado na região de Araponga e entorno da Serra do Brigadeiro, Mata Atlântica do Estado de Minas Gerais, região Sudeste do Brasil. Entre agosto e novembro de 2008 foram realizadas entrevistas com 50 moradores da zona rural de Araponga e 20 funcionários do Parque Estadual da Serra do Brigadeiro (PESB). Em relação ao perfil cultural e social, os grupos avaliados diferiram entre si somente quanto ao nível de escolaridade (maior entre os funcionários do parque), apresentando as mesmas distribuições em relação a idade e religião. Também se verificou menor nível de escolaridade entre os indivíduos mais velhos. Em geral, ambos os grupos de entrevistados demonstraram conhecimento adequado sobre prevenção e procedimentos em casos de acidente ofídico (78,2 por cento afirmaram procurar atendimento médico em caso de ofidismo). A utilização de substâncias da medicina popular para tratamento de acidentes ofídicos mostrou-se uma prática em desuso, relatada por aproximadamente 21 por cento dos entrevistados. A maioria dos entrevistados (57,14 por cento) afirmou não saber diferenciar uma serpente peçonhenta de uma não peçonhenta, e 66,67 por cento demonstraram reconhecer o período chuvoso como aquele com maior frequência no encontro com serpentes. O grupo "Araponga" mostrou-se mais hostil em relação a encontros com serpentes, com 43 por cento dos indivíduos afirmando matarem o animal, contra apenas 5 por cento do grupo "PESB". A escolaridade do entrevistado foi decisiva no tipo de atitude tomada diante das serpentes, sendo menos hostis os indivíduos mais instruídos. Pessoas com menos escolaridade apresentaram maior tendência a considerar todas as serpentes como perigosas, e estas se mostraram também mais hostis com estes animais. O maior contato com atividades científicas e educativo-ambientais parece ter sido decisivo para a maior tolerância com as serpentes por parte do grupo "PESB". A realização de atividades de educação-ambiental com a população das comunidades de Araponga pode ampliar a conscientização quanto à importância das serpentes, instruindo aqueles que ainda as consideram indiscriminadamente nocivas.

The popular knowledge about snakes, including the practices adopted in cases of snakebite, was analysed in this ethnozoological study performed in Araponga region and vicinities of Serra do Brigadeiro (Brigadeiro Mountain Range), Atlantic Forest of Minas Gerais state, southeastern Brazil. Between August and November 2008, interviews were conducted with 50 residents of rural areas of Araponga, and 20 employees of the Serra do Brigadeiro State Park (PESB). In relation to social and cultural profile, these two groups differed only on the level of education (higher among the park staff), with the same distributions for age and religion. There was also a lower level of education among older individuals, a possible reflection of improvements in the social conditions in that region, which would have provided greater access to schools in recent decades. In general, both groups demonstrated adequate knowledge about prevention and procedures in cases of snakebite (78.2 percent reported seeking medical attention in case of snakebite). The use of folk medicine for treatment of snakebite proved to be a practice falling into disuse, reported by approximately 21 percent of respondents. Most respondents (57.14 percent) said they did not know the difference between a poisonous and a non-poisonous snake, and 66.67 percent showed adequate knowledge of the season when snake encounters are more likely to happen. The "Araponga" group was more hostile concerning to possible encounters with snakes, with 43 percent of people saying they would kill the animal, against 5 percent in the "PESB" group. The educational level of the respondents was decisive in determining the kind of attitude taken against snakes, and those with higher levels of education showed to be the less hostile ones. People with lower educational levels were more likely to consider all snakes as dangerous, and they also proved to be more hostile to these animals. More contact with scientific and environmental education activities seems to have been decisive for the higher tolerance to snakes by the "PESB" group. The implementation of activities of environmental education for the population of Araponga can increase the awareness of the importance of snakes, instructing those who still consider them intrinsically harmful.