Are In-the-Moment Resilience Processes Predicted by Questionnaire-Based Measures of Resilience?

Research on resilience is a growing field, and resilience has been conceptualized and operationalized in multiple ways. The aim of this study was to compare the Brief Resilient Coping Scale (BRCS), a conventional measure of resilience, with within-person process indicators derived from experience sampling method (ESM). A sample of 177 teachers from southern Finland participated in the study, commencing with a startup session followed by an 8-day ESM period. Through twice-daily prompts, participants reported their immediate positive and negative affect as well as recent stressors encountered, such as workload and challenging social interactions. As expected, within-person variation in affect was predicted by stressors. However, contrary to expectations, individual differences in affective reactivity to stressors were not predicted by BRCS (ßpositive affect [95% CI] = -.20, [-.51, .11]; ßnegative affect = .33, [-.07, .69]). Item response theory analyses of the BRCS revealed problems with precision. The results call into question the validity of measuring resilience using single administrations of retrospective self-report questionnaires such as the BRCS.

Associations between interpersonal contexts, positive emotions, and related experiences in school students: A systematic review of experience sampling studies.

Studies investigating students' social interactions and related experiences have mostly relied on retrospective methodologies-techniques known to be subject to recall bias that threaten ecological validity. This article is the second part of a systematic review of experience sampling studies on students' social interactions. This article focuses on exploring associations between interpersonal contexts, positive emotions, and related experiences assessed by intensive repeated measurement techniques in naturalistic environments. A systematic literature search was conducted for experience sampling studies between 1996 and 2020. Details of the literature search process and results were reported in the companion (Part I) of the study (Mölsä et al., 2022; Frontiers in Psychology 2022; 13: 844698). Using a narrative synthesis, the associations of interpersonal contexts and positive emotionality in school students were analyzed. Findings suggest that school students experience higher levels of positive emotions during peer, teacher, and family interactions than when they are not being with someone. The overall findings indicate that positive emotionality in children and adolescents is dependent on the characteristics of the interpersonal contexts, although the multilevel associations vary. This review contributes to experience sampling research on students' social interactions. The systematic review concludes with discussion of the main findings, theoretical implications, and an analysis of limitations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

The Experience Sampling Method in Monitoring Social Interactions Among Children and Adolescents in School: A Systematic Literature Review.

Background: The experience sampling method (ESM) is an increasingly popular data collection method to assess interpersonal dynamics in everyday life and emotions contextualized in real-world settings. As primary advantages of ESM sampling strategies include minimization of memory biases, maximization of ecological validity, and hypothesis testing at the between- and within-person levels, ESM is suggested to be appropriate for studying the daily lives of educational actors. However, ESM appears to be underutilized in education research. We, thus, aimed to systematically evaluate the methodological characteristics and quality of published ESM studies of social interactions among children and adolescents in school settings, as well as to explore how much variance in social interaction variables could be attributed to the within-person level. Method: Using Academic Search Complete, APA PsycINFO, APA PsycArticles, ProQuest, Web of Science, Wiley Online Library, and SAGE Journals, and in accordance with PRISMA guidelines and pre-defined eligibility criteria, we conducted a systematic literature search of experience sampling studies up to November 2020. To assess methodological quality, we used a modified checklist for reporting of ESM studies. Results: Of the originally 2 413 identified studies, a final 52 experience sampling studies were included in the present review. Findings on sample and study design characteristics generally revealed wide variability. Even if high-quality studies were associated with higher scores on the training of participants in using the ESM procedure, and use of incentives, these design strategies did not reveal a statistically significant impact on compliance. The intraclass correlation coefficient was reported in nine studies and on average 58% of the variance in social interaction variables could be attributed to within-person fluctuation between timepoints. Conclusion: The current study is the first to systematically review ESM-based studies on social interactions among children and adolescents in the school context. These observations suggest that ESM is a potentially favorable technique for extracting complex social phenomena in real-world settings. We hope that this review will contribute to improving the quality assessment of ESM studies as well as to inform and guide future experience sampling studies, particularly regarding social phenomena with children and adolescents in educational settings.

Psychosocial Maladjustment at Student and Classroom Level as Indicators of Peer Victimization.

The purpose of this study was to examine the role of aggressive behavior, anxiety, and peer rejection as multilevel indicators of peer victimization. A cross-sectional sample of 1,115 Finnish 9th grade students nested in 76 classrooms (mean age 15 years) were used to conduct multilevel models. All forms of psychosocial maladjustment, as well as student family economy, were found to predict peer victimization within classrooms. In addition, classrooms with more aggressive behavior and a higher proportion of rejected students suffered more peer victimization, beyond compositional effects of aggressive and rejected students being victimized.

The Swedish specialist examination in emergency medicine: form and function.

AIM/BACKGROUND: The purpose of the Swedish specialist examination in Emergency Medicine is not only to determine whether residents have attained the level of competence of specialists, but also to guide and facilitate residency training. METHODS: The Swedish Society for Emergency Medicine has developed checklists that delineate criteria of consideration and action items for particular processes. These checklists are freely available and used to assess competence during the examination. They are also intended for use during teaching and clinical care, thus promoting alignment between clinical practice, teaching and assessment. The examination is carried out locally by residency program educators, thereby obviating travel expenses. It consists of a total of 24 stations and over 100 potential scenarios, thereby minimizing case specificity. Each station consists of a scenario based on a real case. The checklists allow for direct feedback to the examinee after each station. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: This model may be of interest to other European countries.

Lethal aggression in mobile forager bands and implications for the origins of war.

It has been argued that warfare evolved as a component of early human behavior within foraging band societies. We investigated lethal aggression in a sample of 21 mobile forager band societies (MFBS) derived systematically from the standard cross-cultural sample. We hypothesized, on the basis of mobile forager ethnography, that most lethal events would stem from personal disputes rather than coalitionary aggression against other groups (war). More than half of the lethal aggression events were perpetrated by lone individuals, and almost two-thirds resulted from accidents, interfamilial disputes, within-group executions, or interpersonal motives such as competition over a particular woman. Overall, the findings suggest that most incidents of lethal aggression among MFBS may be classified as homicides, a few others as feuds, and a minority as war.