Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Patients With and Without Psychiatric Disorders: Differences in Use of Coronary Angiography, Coronary Revascularization, and Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator and Survival.

Background Healthcare disparities for psychiatric patients are common. Whether these inequalities apply to postresuscitation management in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is unknown. We investigated differences in in-hospital cardiovascular procedures following OHCA between patients with and without psychiatric disorders. Methods and Results Using the Danish nationwide registries, we identified patients admitted to the hospital following OHCA of presumed cardiac cause (2001-2015). Psychiatric disorders were identified using hospital diagnoses or redeemed prescriptions for psychotropic drugs. We calculated age- and sex-standardized incidence rates and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) of cardiovascular procedures during post-OHCA admission in patients with and without psychiatric disorders. Differences in 30-day and 1-year survival were assessed by multivariable logistic regression in the overall population and among 2-day survivors who received acute coronary angiography (CAG). We included 7288 hospitalized patients who had experienced an OHCA: 1661 (22.8%) had a psychiatric disorder. Compared with patients without psychiatric disorders, patients with psychiatric disorders had lower standardized incidence rates for acute CAG (≤1 day post-OHCA) (IRR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.45-0.57), subacute CAG (2-30 days post-OHCA) (IRR, 0.40; 95% CI, 0.30-0.52), and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation (IRR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.48-0.95). Conversely, we did not detect differences in coronary revascularization among patients undergoing CAG (IRR, 1.11; 95% CI, 0.94-1.30). Patients with psychiatric disorders had lower survival even among 2-day survivors who received acute CAG: (odds ratio of 30-day survival, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.52-0.91; and 1-year survival, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.50-0.88). Conclusions Psychiatric patients had a lower probability of receiving post-OHCA CAG and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation compared with nonpsychiatric patients but the same probability of coronary revascularization among patients undergoing CAG. However, their survival was lower irrespective of angiographic procedures.

Data concerning AED registration in the Danish AED Network, and cardiac arrest-related characteristics of OHCAs, including AED coverage and AED accessibility.

The data presented in this article is supplemental data related to the research article entitled "Automated external defibrillator accessibility is crucial for bystander defibrillation and survival: a registry-based study" (Karlsson et al., 2019). We present detailed data concerning: 1) the type of location for deployed and registered automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in the nationwide Danish AED Network; 2) the number of registered AEDs in the nationwide Danish AED Network, and changes in AED registration (according to year and type of AED location); 3) the number of AEDs being withdrawn from the AED network between the years 2007-2016. We also report data on baseline cardiac arrest-related characteristics of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs) that occurred in Copenhagen, Denmark, between 2008 and 2016. Cardiac arrest-related characteristics are further described according to AED accessibility (accessible vs. inaccessible AED at the time of OHCA) for OHCAs covered by an AED (AED ≤200 m route distance of an OHCA). Finally, we report data on distance to the nearest accessible AED for bystander defibrillated OHCAs covered by an AED ≤200 m route distance where the AED was inaccessible at the time of OHCA.

Survival After Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest in Relation to Age and Early Identification of Patients With Minimal Chance of Long-Term Survival.

BACKGROUND: Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest has increased during the last decade in Denmark. We aimed to study the impact of age on changes in survival and whether it was possible to identify patients with minimal chance of 30-day survival. METHODS AND RESULTS: Using data from the nationwide Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry (2001─2011), we identified 21 480 patients ≥18 years old with a presumed cardiac-caused out-of-hospital cardiac arrest for which resuscitation was attempted. Patients were divided into 3 preselected age-groups: working-age patients 18 to 65 years of age (33.7%), early senior patients 66 to 80 years of age (41.5%), and late senior patients >80 years of age (24.8%). Characteristics in working-age patients, early senior patients, and late senior patients were as follows: witnessed arrest in 53.8%, 51.1%, and 52.1%; bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation in 44.7%, 30.3%, and 23.4%; and prehospital shock from a defibrillator in 54.7%, 45.0%, and 33.8% (all P<0.05). Between 2001 and 2011, return of spontaneous circulation on hospital arrival increased: working-age patients, from 12.1% to 34.6%; early senior patients, from 6.4% to 21.5%; and late senior patients, from 4.0% to 15.0% (all P<0.001). Furthermore, 30-day survival increased: working-age patients, 5.8% to 22.0% (P<0.001); and early senior patients, 2.7% to 8.4% (P<0.001), whereas late senior patients experienced only a minor increase (1.5% to 2.0%; P=0.01). Overall, 3 of 9499 patients achieved 30-day survival if they met 2 criteria: had not achieved return of spontaneous circulation on hospital arrival and had not received a prehospital shock from a defibrillator. CONCLUSIONS: All age groups experienced a large temporal increase in survival on hospital arrival, but the increase in 30-day survival was most prominent in the young. With the use of only 2 criteria, it was possible to identify patients with a minimal chance of 30-day survival.

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in children and adolescents: incidences, outcomes, and household socioeconomic status.

BACKGROUND: There is insufficient knowledge of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) in the very young. OBJECTIVES: This nationwide study sought to examine age-stratified OHCA characteristics and the role of parental socioeconomic differences and its contribution to mortality in the young population. METHODS: All OHCA patients in Denmark, ≤21 years of age, were identified from 2001 to 2010. The population was divided into infants (<1 year); pre-school children (1-5 years); school children (6-15 years); and high school adolescents/young adults (16-21 years). Multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to investigate associations between pre-hospital factors and study endpoints: return of spontaneous circulation and survival. RESULTS: A total of 459 individuals were included. Overall incidence of OHCA was 3.3 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. The incidence rates for infants, pre-school children, school children and high school adolescents were 11.5, 3.5, 1.3 and 5.3 per 100,000 inhabitants. Overall bystander CPR rate was 48.8%, and for age groups: 55.4%, 41.2%, 44.9% and 63.0%, respectively. Overall 30-day survival rate was 8.1%, and for age groups: 1.4%, 4.5%, 16.1% and 9.3%, respectively. High parental education was associated with improved survival after OHCA (OR 3.48, CI 1.27-9.41). Significant crude difference in survival (OR 3.18, CI 1.22-8.34) between high household incomes vs. low household incomes was found. CONCLUSION: OHCA incidences and survival rates varied significantly between age groups. High parental education was found to be associated with improved survival after OHCA.

A risk score for predicting 30-day mortality in heart failure patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.

BACKGROUND: Heart failure is an established risk factor for poor outcomes in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery, yet risk stratification remains a clinical challenge. We developed an index for 30-day mortality risk prediction in this particular group. METHODS AND RESULTS: All individuals with heart failure undergoing non-cardiac surgery between October 23 2004 and October 31 2011 were included from Danish administrative registers (n = 16 827). In total, 1787 (10.6%) died within 30 days. In a simple risk score based on the variables from the revised cardiac risk index, plus age, gender, acute surgery, and body mass index category the following variables predicted mortality (points): male gender (1), age 56-65 years (2), age 66-75 years (4), age 76-85 years (5), or age >85 years (7), being underweight (4), normal weight (3), or overweight (1), undergoing acute surgery (5), undergoing high-risk procedures (intra-thoracic, intra-abdominal, or suprainguinal aortic) (3), having renal disease (1), cerebrovascular disease (1), and use of insulin (1). The c-statistic was 0.79 and calibration was good. Mortality risk ranged from <2% for a score <5 to >50% for a score ≥20. Internal validation by bootstrapping (1000 re-samples) provided c-statistic of 0.79. A more complex risk score based on stepwise logistic regression including 24 variables at P < 0.05 performed only slightly better, c-statistic = 0.81, but was limited in use by its complexity. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with heart failure, this simple index can accurately identify those at low risk for perioperative mortality.

Survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in relation to sex: a nationwide registry-based study.

AIM: Crude survival has increased following an out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). We aimed to study sex-related differences in patient characteristics and survival during a 10-year study period. METHODS: Patients≥12 years old with OHCA of a presumed cardiac cause, and in whom resuscitation was attempted, were identified through the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry 2001-2010. A total of 19,372 patients were included. RESULTS: One-third were female, with a median age of 75 years (IQR 65-83). Compared to females, males were five years younger; and less likely to have severe comorbidities, e.g., chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (12.8% vs. 16.5%); but more likely to have arrest outside of the home (29.4% vs. 18.7%), receive bystander CPR (32.9% vs. 25.9%), and have a shockable rhythm (32.6% vs. 17.2%), all p<0.001. Thirty-day crude survival increased in males (3.0% in 2001 to 12.9% in 2010); and in females (4.8% in 2001 to 6.7% in 2010), p<0.001. Multivariable logistic regression analyses adjusted for patient characteristics including comorbidities, showed no survival difference between sexes in patients with a non-shockable rhythm (OR 1.00; CI 0.72-1.40), while female sex was positively associated with survival in patients with a shockable rhythm (OR 1.31; CI 1.07-1.59). Analyses were rhythm-stratified due to interaction between sex and heart rhythm; there was no interaction between sex and calendar-year. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal increase in crude survival was more marked in males due to poorer prognostic characteristics in females with a lower proportion of shockable rhythm. In an adjusted model, female sex was positively associated with survival in patients with a shockable rhythm.