Phytochemical characterization of some sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) genotypes from southern part of turkey.

The present research aimed to study the total phenolics, total anthocyanins, total antioxidants, aroma profile, organic acids, and carbohydrate contents of 15 sumac genotypes selected from Kahramanmaras province of Turkey. Total phenols and anthocyanins were spectrophotometrically assessed. The DPPH method was used to determine the antioxidant capacity of the genotypes. Volatile component profiles were identified by HS-SPME/GC-MS while organic acids and carbohydrates were assessed by HPLC techniques. Total phenolic content of the genotypes varied from 36.38 (46SMC02) to 58.66 mg/g dw (46SMC10). Total anthocyanin content ranged from 10.87 (46SMC12) to 119.74 mg/L (46SMC05). The total antioxidant capacity was in the range of 73.37 (46SMC07) and 77.00% (46SMC06). A total of 26 volatile compounds were distinctly detected from the genotypes: 11 volatile compounds were classified as alcohols, 7 as terpenes, 6 as aldehydes and 2 as ketones. l-ascorbic acid, oxalic acid, citric acid and malic acid volumes were detected in the genotypes and their quantity ranged from 2.13 to 40.3, 1.3 to 2.9, 49.8 to 95.1 and 1360 to 2800 respectively. Sucrose quantity was found to vary between 1.41 (46SMC14) and 5.85% (46SMC01), glucose between the detection limit (46SMC01, 46SMC13 and 46SMC15) and 0.73% (46SMC09), xylose between 8.53 (46SMC14) and 30.17% (46SMC09) and fructose between an undetected value (46SMC09, 46SMC10 and 46SMC11) and 1.93% (46SMC13). The results presented here indicate that sumac fruit is a good source of nutritious compounds that may be used directly as a food source or food additives.

Similarities of leafing and leaf fall date of 'Pedro' walnut variety with its progenies in breeding programs.

In this research, 'Pedro' walnut variety (maternal parent) was open pollinated. Offspring genotypes were compared with their maternal parent in terms of morphological and molecular features. Leafing and leaf fall dates were measured as two phenological traits. Genetic differences were identified by molecular fingerprinting using twelve Inter Simple Repetitive Sequence Polymorphism (ISSR) primers. In some progenies, leafing and leaf fall occurred later than the maternal parent ('Pedro'). Progenies were grouped according to their similarities with the maternal parent regarding leafing date. Specifically, 14.44% of the progenies were 'Very close' to the parent, 16.66% were 'Close', 30.00% 'Far' and 38.89% 'Very far'. Regarding the leaf fall date, 7.78% of the progenies were 'Very close' to the parent, 28.88% were 'Close', 36.66% 'Far' and 26.67% 'Very far'. A total of 43 bands were obtained in molecular analyses. These bands were largely polymorphic (95.34%). The average number of the alleles was 3.90, while the polymorphism information content varied between 0.14 and 0.91 among the genotypes. Genetic distances were tested according to the UPGMA (Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average) and by The Structure Analysis. The UPGMA dendrogram divided the genotypes into two main clusters and the similarity coefficient of the genotypes varied between 0.61 and 0.99. This study revealed that 'Pedro' can be used as an excellent parental variety in hybridization programs which prioritize late-leafing in walnut breeding. Furthermore, ISSR primers can be safely used for fingerprinting walnuts in general.

Major QTL with pleiotropic effects controlling time of leaf budburst and flowering-related traits in walnut (Juglans regia L.).

Breeding studies in walnut (Juglans regia L.) are usually time consuming due to the long juvenile period and therefore, this study aimed to determine markers associated with time of leaf budburst and flowering-related traits by performing a genome-wide association study (GWAS). We investigated genotypic variation and its association with time of leaf budburst and flowering-related traits in 188 walnut accessions. Phenotypic data was obtained from 13 different traits during 3 consecutive years. We used DArT-seq for genotyping with a total of 33,519 (14,761 SNP and 18,758 DArT) markers for genome-wide associations to identify marker underlying these traits. Significant correlations were determined among the 13 different traits. Linkage disequilibrium decayed very quickly in walnut in comparison with other plants. Sixteen quantitative trait loci (QTL) with major effects (R2 between 0.08 and 0.23) were found to be associated with a minimum of two phenotypic traits each. Of these QTL, QTL05 had the maximum number of associated traits (seven). Our study is GWAS for time of leaf budburst and flowering-related traits in Juglans regia L. and has a strong potential to efficiently implement the identified QTL in walnut breeding programs.