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1.
Cell Tissue Res ; 377(1): 107-113, 2019 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30627806

RESUMO

Major depressive disorder is a severe, disabling disorder that affects around 4.7% of the population worldwide. Based on the monoaminergic hypothesis of depression, monoamine reuptake inhibitors have been developed as antidepressants and nowadays, they are used widely in clinical practice. However, these drugs have a limited efficacy and a slow onset of therapeutic action. Several strategies have been implemented to overcome these limitations, including switching to other drugs or introducing combined or augmentation therapies. In clinical practice, the most often used augmenting drugs are lithium, triiodothyronine, atypical antipsychotics, buspirone, and pindolol, although some others are in the pipeline. Moreover, multitarget antidepressants have been developed to improve efficacy. Despite the enormous effort exerted to improve these monoaminergic drugs, they still fail to produce a rapid and sustained antidepressant response in a substantial proportion of depressed patients. Recently, new compounds that target other neurotransmission system, such as the glutamatergic system, have become the focus of research into fast-acting antidepressant agents. These promising alternatives could represent a new pharmacological trend in the management of depression.


Assuntos
Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Monoaminas Biogênicas/farmacologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Fármacos Atuantes sobre Aminoácidos Excitatórios/farmacologia , Antipsicóticos/farmacologia , Buspirona/farmacologia , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Humanos , Lítio/farmacologia , Pindolol/farmacologia , Tri-Iodotironina/farmacologia
2.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 14(3): 79-88, jul.-dic. 2012. ilus, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-106801

RESUMO

Objetivo. Valorar la utilidad del modelo matemático Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) para medir la eficiencia de programas de tratamiento con opiáceos (PTO). Material y métodos. Se realiza un estudio de "simulación", es decir, se parte de un conjunto de supuestos y se manejan datos no reales pero fundamentados en la literatura. Se comparan 15 hipotéticos PTO y se mide la eficiencia de cada uno de ellos. De cada programa habríamos obtenido información sobre seis variables, tres de las cuales serían consideradas como indicadores de input (ratio terapeuta/paciente, unidades asistenciales en drogodependencias y porcentaje de pacientes con dosis adecuadas) y tres de output (días de abstinencia de heroína en el último mes, tasas de retención y grado de mejoría de los problemas relacionados con el consumo). La matriz de datos generada se somete a análisis mediante el DEA. Resultados. El modelo ordena los programas en función de su nivel de eficiencia. Los programas P8, P9, P11, P5 y P6 son considerados "ineficientes" y se estiman las magnitudes de las variables de input y output que distan de un rendimiento óptimo. En este análisis, la variable de output que añade más eficiencia a los programas es el "número de días de abstinencia de heroína en el último mes" y la variable de input que añade más ineficiencia a los mismos, es el "porcentaje de pacientes con dosis adecuadas". Conclusión. El modelo DEA tiene una utilidad potencial para la medida comparativa de la eficiencia de PTO. La información aportada por este modelo podría ser utilizada por los coordinadores de programas para introducir cambios en los procesos terapéuticos con el objetivo de mejorar la calidad asistencial (AU)


Aim. To assess the usefulness of the mathematical model Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the efficiency of opioid substitution programs (OSP). Material and Methods. A simulation study was conducted based on a series of assumptions that are tested using non-real data imputed from theoretical background. Fifteen hypothetical OSP are compared to estimate their relative efficiency. We obtained six variables from each program, three of which are considered input indices (therapists/patients ratio, number of treatment units and proportion of patients with adequate opioid doses), and the other three are considered output indices (number days of heroin abstinence in the last month, retention rates and degree of recovery from drug-use related problems). The data set was subjected to DEA analyses. Results. The DEA model ranked the OSP as a function of their efficiency levels. Programs P8, P9, P11, P5 and P6 were considered inefficient and the magnitude of the input and output variables were far from optimal achievement. In these analyses, the output variable that yielding a greater efficiency was the number days of heroin abstinence in the last month and the input variable providing greater inefficiency was the proportion of patients with adequate opioid doses. Conclusion. The DEA model yields can be useful to measure the relative efficiency of the OSP. The information provided by the model may be used by OSPs managers to introduce changes in therapeutic processes with the aim of increasing their quality (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Tratamento de Substituição de Opiáceos/métodos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Modelos Teóricos/métodos , Modelos Teóricos/prevenção & controle , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/epidemiologia , Modelos Teóricos/estatística & dados numéricos , Serviços de Integração Docente-Assistencial/tendências
3.
Drug Alcohol Depend ; 122(1-2): 142-8, 2012 Apr 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22018602

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: We aimed to explore the association between baseline executive functioning and treatment outcome in Therapeutic Communities (TCs). METHODS: We used a longitudinal descriptive design: a baseline neuropsychological assessment was performed within the first 30 days of treatment in TCs. Once participants finished or abandoned treatment, the information about time of stay in treatment was computed for each individual. The study was conducted across six TCs located in the region of Andalusia (Spain): Cartaya, Almonte, Mijas, Los Palacios, La Línea, and Tarifa. Participants were 131 patients with cocaine dependence who initiated and finished treatment in TCs between January 2009 and December 2010 (2 years). Cognitive assessment was composed of general measures of executive functioning: Letter Number Sequencing (working memory) and Similarities (reasoning), and executive tasks sensitive to ventromedial prefrontal cortex dysfunction, including the Delis-Kaplan Stroop test (inhibition/cognitive switching), the Revised-Strategy Application Test (strategy application/multitasking), and the Iowa Gambling Task (decision-making). The outcome measure was retention, defined as time in TC treatment (number of days). RESULTS: Poor executive functioning significantly predicted shorter treatment retention in cocaine dependent individuals on TC residential treatment (14% of explained variance). Reduced performance on the R-SAT, a multitasking test taxing the ability to develop and apply the best strategy to organize multiple sub-routine tasks in order to achieve a long-term goal, was the most powerful predictor of treatment retention. CONCLUSIONS: Self-regulation deficits predict the capacity to remain in residential treatment among cocaine dependents.


Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/psicologia , Função Executiva , Controles Informais da Sociedade , Adulto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/terapia , Cognição , Tomada de Decisões , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Centros de Tratamento de Abuso de Substâncias
4.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 13(4): 167-174, oct.-dic. 2011. ilus
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-97696

RESUMO

Objetivo. Estudios poblacionales muestran un consumo diferencial de drogas entre hombres y mujeres. Algunos trabajos han apuntado hacia las raves como una cultura andrógina donde las diferencias de género se diluyen. No obstante, las evidencias empíricas sobre el patrón diferencial según género en este contexto son escasas. Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar las diferencias en el patrón de consumo de drogas y el perfil sociodemográfico de hombres y mujeres que asisten a fiestas rave. Material y método. Se entrevistó a 252 asistentes a fiestas rave en Andalucía (España). Se administró un cuestionario en el que se recogía información sobre el patrón de consumo de 15 drogas distintas y el perfil sociodemográfico. Resultados. Los resultados muestran un elevado consumo y policonsumo de drogas entre los participantes, no encontrándose diferencias significativas en el patrón de consumo y el perfil sociodemográfico según el género. Como media, los hombres han consumido alguna vez 9,9 drogas frente a 9,5 las mujeres. En el último mes, 7,3 frente a 6,9, y en la última rave, 5 frente a 4,9. Conclusiones. Al contrario de lo que sucede en la población general, donde la prevalencia de consumo de drogas de los hombres es superior a la de las mujeres, este trabajo no ha encontrado diferencias significativas en el patrón de consumo entre ambos géneros. Este hecho debe ser considerado para el diseño de estrategias preventivas de reducción de riesgos y daños en este colectivo (AU)


Objective. Population studies show differential drug consumption between male and female. Some studies point to rave as an androgynous culture, where gender differences disappear. Nonetheless, in this context, empirical evidences on differential patterns of drug use by gender are scarce. The purpose of this study is to analyze differences in drug use patterns and sociodemographic profile between male and female who attend raves. Material and method. Two hundred and fifty-two people who went to raves in Andalucía (Spain) were interviewed. It was administered a questionnaire to collect information on use patterns of 15 different drugs and sociodemographic profile. Results. Results show a high substance and polysubstance use between ravers. No significant differences by gender were found in drug use patterns or sociodemographic profile. The average number of drug consumed for male "some time in their lives" were 9.9, versus 9.5 for female. In the last month, 7.3 versus 6.9, and last rave, 5 versus 4.9. Conclusions. Opposite to what it happens in general population, where drug use prevalence of male is higher than female, this study haven´t found significant differences by gender. This fact must be considered in order to design risk and harm reduction preventive strategies (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Saúde de Gênero , Identidade de Gênero , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/prevenção & controle , Inquéritos e Questionários , Análise de Dados/métodos , Análise de Dados/estatística & dados numéricos
5.
Actas Esp Psiquiatr ; 38(5): 270-7, 2010.
Artigo em Inglês, Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21117001

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a five-item scale that has been reported to be a reliable and valid screening instrument for dependence in several types of substances. Optimal cutoff points on the SDS indicative of clinically significant dependence have been determined for a large range of substance types, however, to date no data have been reported on its performance in a population with opiate dependence. SAMPLE: A structured interview was administered to 315 opiate-dependent patients in treatment. METHOD: The diagnostic performance of the SDS was measured via Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis according to the DSM-IV diagnosis of heroin dependence, as measured by section 12 of the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). RESULTS: ROC analysis revealed the SDS to be a test of high diagnostic utility for the measurement of opiate dependence (Area Under Curve =0.8875). The cut-off point on the SDS at which there is optimal discrimination between the presence and absence of a diagnosis of heroin dependence was found to be 5 (i.e. a score of 5 or more). This score provides the best trade-off between sensitivity (83.15%) and specificity (84.51%). Similar results were found for heroin current consumption (AUC = 0.8325; cut-off = 5; sensitivity = 77.94 and specificity = 77.33). CONCLUSION: The SDS can be recommended as an effective short instrument for the discrimination of the degree of dependency and heroin consumption in the clinical area.


Assuntos
Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Curva ROC , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Adulto Jovem
6.
Actas esp. psiquiatr ; 38(5): 270-277, sept.-oct. 2010. graf, tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-88707

RESUMO

Contexto. La escala de severidad de la dependencia (SDS)es una escala de cinco ítems que ha mostrado su fiabilidad y validez como instrumento de cribado de la dependencia en varios tipos de sustancias. El punto de corte óptimo de la SDS indicativo de la significación clínica de la dependencia ha sido determinado para un rango amplio de drogas, pero a día de hoy no se ha informado del valor del mismo para el caso de la dependencia a opiáceos. Muestra. Se ha administrado una entrevista estructurada a 315 personas con dependencia a opiáceos en tratamiento. Método. La capacidad diagnóstica de la SDS ha sido evaluada a través de análisis de la curva característica operativa del receptor (ROC) tomando como estándar el diagnóstico de dependencia según criterios DSM-IV a través dela sección 12 del SCAN. Resultados. El análisis ROC presenta la SDS como una prueba de alta utilidad diagnóstica para la valoración de la dependencia de opiáceos (Área Bajo la Curva = 0,8875). El punto de corte óptimo de la SDS para la discriminación entre la presencia y ausencia de diagnóstico de dependencia de opiáceos ha sido de 5 (una puntuación mayor o igual a 5), el cual presenta el mejor balance comparativo entre la sensibilidad (83,15%) y la especificidad (84,51%). Similares resultados se han encontrado para el consumo actual de heroína (ABC = 0,8325; Punto de corte = 5; Sensibilidad =77,94% y Especificidad = 77,33%).Conclusión. La escala SDS puede ser recomendada como un instrumento breve efectivo para la discriminación del grado de dependencia y consumo de heroína en el ámbito clínico (AU)


Background. The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) is a five-item scale that has been reported to be a reliable and valid screening instrument for dependence in several types of substances. Optimal cutoff points on the SDS indicative of clinically significant dependence have been determined for a large range of substance types, however, to date no data have been reported on its performance in a population with opiate dependence. Sample. A structured interview was administered to315 opiate-dependent patients in treatment. Method. The diagnostic performance of the SDS was measured via Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis according to the DSM-IV diagnosis of heroin dependence, as measured by section 12 of the Schedule for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN).Results. ROC analysis revealed the SDS to be a test of high diagnostic utility for the measurement of opiate dependence (Area Under Curve =0.8875). The cut-off point on the SDS at which there is optimal discrimination between the presence and absence of a diagnosis of heroin dependence was found to be 5 (i.e. a score of 5or more). This score provides the best trade-off between sensitivity (83.15%) and specificity (84.51%). Similar results were found for heroin current consumption (AUC = 0.8325; cut-off = 5; sensitivity = 77.94 and specificity = 77.33).Conclusion. The SDS can be recommended as an effective short instrument for the discrimination of the degree of dependency and heroin consumption in the clinical area (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/patologia , Programas de Rastreamento/métodos , Programas de Rastreamento/prevenção & controle , Heroína/efeitos adversos , Heroína/toxicidade , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais , 28599
7.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 12(2): 72-78, abr.-jun. 2010. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-82475

RESUMO

Objetivos: Estimación de la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) del adulto en una muestra de dependientes de cocaína y evaluación de la utilidad de los síntomas de funcionamiento ejecutivo de Barkley para diferenciar entre pacientes dependientes de cocaína con y sin TDAH. Métodos: Diseño observacional transversal. Se evaluó un total de 70 sujetos dependientes de cocaína que ingresaron para tratamiento en una comunidad terapéutica. Los sujetos seleccionados fueron citados para una entrevista cara a cara entre los días 15.º y 20.º del ingreso. Se utilizó una técnica de muestreo consecutivo no aleatorio. Se reclutó a los sujetos según acudían a la comunidad terapéutica y cumplían los criterios de selección. El instrumento de medida empleado para diagnosticar TDAH en la edad adulta fue la Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID). Los trastornos psiquiátricos comórbidos fueron evaluados según criterios DSM-IV-TR mediante la versión española de la entrevista Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM-IV). Para la evaluación del "funcionamiento ejecutivo" empleamos el Current Behavior Scale Self-Report de Russell A. Barkley. Resultados: La prevalencia de TDAH observada en nuestra muestra fue del 14,3 % (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95 %: 6,1-22,5). Las puntuaciones medias en todos los ítems de la escala de Barkley son superiores en el grupo de pacientes diagnosticados de TDAH y dependencia a la cocaína, en comparación con los sujetos que sólo presentan dependencia a la esta sustancia, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas. Conclusiones: La prevalencia observada de TDAH en nuestra muestra fue elevada y se sitúa dentro del rango de las encontradas por otros autores en muestras similares. Los datos del estudio apoyan la teoría de Barkley en esta población (AU)


Objectives: Estimation of the prevalence of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a sample of cocaine users treated in a therapeutic community and evaluation of the usefulness of Barkley executive function symptoms in differentiating cocaine-dependent patients with and without ADHD. Methods: A transversal observation design was used. A total of 70 cocaine-dependent subjects who were admitted for treatment in a therapeutic community were assessed. Non-random consecutive sampling was used, recruiting the subjects as they arrived at the therapeutic community and met the selection criteria. Subjects included in the study were given an appointment for a face-to-face interview from 15 to 20 days after admission. The measurement instrument used for diagnosing adult ADHD was Conners' Adult ADHD Diagnostic Interview for DSM-IV (CAADID). Comorbid psychiatric disorders were evaluated according to DSM-IV-TR criteria using the Spanish version of the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM-IV). For assessment of the "executive function", we used the Current Behavior Scale Self-Report by Russell A. Barkley. Results: The prevalence of ADHD observed in our sample was 14.3 % (confidence interval [CI] 95 %: 6.1-22.5). The mean scores on all the items on the Barkley scale are higher in the group of cocaine-dependent patients diagnosed with ADHD than for subjects who were cocaine-dependent only by a statistically significant difference. Conclusions: The high prevalence of ADHD observed in our sample was within the range found by other authors in similar samples. The study data support Barkley's theory in this population (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/complicações , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/complicações , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/diagnóstico , Fatores de Risco , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Cocaína/epidemiologia , Estudos Transversais , Comorbidade , 28599
8.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 11(4): 257-265, oct.-dic. 2009.
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-77483

RESUMO

Objetivo. Diversos autores han puesto de relieve la importancia de incorporar a los estudios sobre tratamiento en drogodependencias indicadores que tomen en cuenta la percepción del paciente hacia el tratamiento y su satisfacción con el mismo. La percepción sobre el tratamiento influye sobre su aceptabilidad y, por lo tanto, sobre el seguimiento y la adherencia, modulando así su efectividad. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer la percepción y la satisfacción de los pacientes que participan en un estudio piloto de tratamiento con buprenorfina en comunidades terapéuticas y en un centro ambulatorio. Material y métodos. El estudio se ha desarrollado con una metodología cualitativa. Los participantes en el estudio han sido 18 pacientes que recibieron tratamiento en régimen residencial y ambulatorio, a los que se les realizó una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis de los resultados se ha realizado a través del método de comparación constante, propuesto por la Teoría Fundamentada. Resultados. Los resultados obtenidos reflejan que los pacientes perciben una mayor comodidad en la retirada del tratamiento con buprenorfina, en comparación con la de metadona. Además, los pacientes perciben que el tratamiento con buprenorfina es más fácil de adaptar a la vida cotidiana, a lo que contribuiría una posible dispensación en farmacias. Igualmente, relatan que el estigma percibido asociado a este fármaco es menor en comparación con lo que representa estar en tratamiento con metadona. Conclusiones. Los participantes consideran que estas características y el menor efecto euforizante y sedante facilitan su proceso de incorporación social (AU)


Objective. Various authors have emphasized the importance of including treatment indicators that take into account patient perception of the treatment and his satisfaction with it in studies on drug addiction. Perception of the treatment influences its acceptability and therefore, whether it is followed and adhered to, thus modulating its effectiveness. The purpose of this study is to find outpatient perception and satisfaction with a pilot buprenorphine treatment study in therapeutic communities and one outpatient centre. Material and methods. The study was carried out with a qualitative methodology. The participants in the study were 18 patients that received treatment in therapeutic communities and one outpatient centre who were give n a semi-structured interview. Results: were analysed using the Constant Comparison Method, proposed by the Grounded Theory. Results. The results obtained show that the patients perceive they are more comfortable during withdrawal treatment with buprenorphine than with methadone. The patients further perceive that the buprenorphine treatment is easier to adapt to their daily lives, to which the possibility of dispensing it in pharmacies would contribute. They also say that the stigma associated with this pharmaceutical is less than with methadone. Conclusions. Patients think these characteristics and the absence of opioid effects facilitates the process of their incorporation in society (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Buprenorfina/uso terapêutico , Metadona/administração & dosagem , Metadona/uso terapêutico , Glândula Sublingual , Administração Sublingual , Inativação Metabólica , Satisfação do Paciente , Buprenorfina/administração & dosagem , Buprenorfina/farmacologia , Metadona/farmacologia , Metadona/toxicidade
9.
Med. paliat ; 16(4): 213-217, jul.-ago. 2009. graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-76815

RESUMO

Objetivos: describir el grado de dependencia de los pacientes que entran en programa del Equipo de Soporte de Cuidados Paliativos. Valorar el beneficio que La Ley de Dependencia 39/2006 puede tener en nuestros pacientes. Describir si recibían ayuda pública o privada y las características del cuidador principal del paciente gran dependiente. Material y método: realizamos un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo. Recogiendo los datos de los pacientes del ESCP que entran en programa en los primeros 6 meses de 2007. Área de Salud de Cáceres. En una primera fase se han realizado la descripción de los pacientes. En una segunda fase se describen los pacientes gran dependientes. Resultados: se valoran 173 pacientes registrados. El 66,44% de los pacientes eran hombres y 33,56% mujeres. Según el grado de dependencia: grado I el 27,74%, grado II el 19,66% y grado III el 52,60%. Del grupo de los pacientes gran dependientes, 63% eran hombres y el 37% mujeres. El 75% de los pacientes gran dependiente no disponían de ayudas, el 14% disponían de ayuda pública y el 11% ayuda privada. Con respecto a los cuidadores el 33% eran hijas, 32% esposas, 9% esposos, 3% hijos y 23% otros. De los que no recibían ayuda para el cuidado el 78% eran mujeres. Conclusiones: la mayoría de los pacientes que ingresan en programa de cuidados paliativos son gran dependiente. Un alto porcentaje de nuestros pacientes no reciben ningún tipo de ayuda para el cuidado, de ahí la importancia de realizar una valoración rápida y asesoramiento a las familias, para la posible solicitud de prestaciones (AU)


Objectives: to describe the extent of dependency of patients entering the ESCP program. To assess the benefits the law can have on our patients. To describe whether public or private care was received, and the characteristics of primary caregivers for largely dependent patients. Material and method: we conducted a retrospective and descriptive study, and collected data from patients entering the ESCP program during the first 6 months of 2007 within the Caceres Healthcare Area. As a first step, patients were described. In a second phase largely dependent patients were described. Results: 173 patients were evaluated; 66.44% of patients were men and 33.56% were women. As for their dependency extent: 27.74% Grade I,19.66% Grade II, and 52.60% Grade III. Of the group of largely dependent patients, 63% were male and 37% were female; 75% of patients had no major aid dependencies, 14% had public support, and 11% had private aids. With respect to caregivers, 33% were daughters, 32% were wives, 9% were husbands, 3% were sons, and 23% were others. Of those who did not receive help for their care 78% were women. Conclusions: most patients in a palliative care program are largely dependent; a high percentage of our patients received no help for their care, hence the importance of rapidly assessing and advicing families (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Pessoas com Deficiência/legislação & jurisprudência , Pessoas com Deficiência/estatística & dados numéricos , Doente Terminal/estatística & dados numéricos , Atividades Cotidianas , Cuidadores , Estudos Retrospectivos , Espanha
10.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 11(1): 24-34, ene. 2009. tab
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-137928

RESUMO

Objetivo. Existe una marcada variabilidad inter-individual en la respuesta a una determinada dosis de metadona. Por esta razón, no debe hablarse de dosis «altas» o «bajas» tal como las definen los estudios epidemiológicos, sino de «dosis adecuadas» desde una perspectiva clínica individual. Hasta el momento no se ha publicado ningún instrumento que mida de forma global la adecuación de las dosis. El objetivo de la presente publicación es presentar y analizar la Escala de Adecuación de Dosis de Opiáceos (EADO). Material y métodos. El estudio, de diseño observacional, transversal y multicéntrico, se realizó sobre una muestra total de 300 pacientes en programa de tratamiento con metadona, seleccionados aleatoriamente de un total de 10 centros ambulatorios de tratamiento de conductas adictivas. La EADO es una entrevista clínica semiestructurada de 10 ítems que puede pasarse en 10-15 minutos y cuyo propósito es proporcionar una medida del grado en que una determinada dosis de metadona resulta «adecuada» para un paciente concreto. Resultados. Se presentan las evidencias psicométricas que avalan este uso publicadas previamente. La consistencia interna de la EADO es aceptable y la fiabilidad inter-examinadores es muy alta. El análisis factorial muestra una estructura formada por cuatro factores que coincide exactamente con las dimensiones del constructo «adecuación de dosis » propuestas a priori («síndrome de abstinencia a opiáceos», craving, «sobremedicación» y «consumo de heroína»). Conclusiones. La EADO mide el grado de adecuación o ajuste de las dosis de metadona que viene tomando el paciente. Este instrumento se ha mostrado útil en la práctica asistencial y en la investigación clínica, abriendo una interesante línea de estudio (AU)


Objectives.There are a lot of marked inter-individual variability in clinical response to one determinate methadone doses. For this reason, we should therefore not speak of «high» or «low» doses as defined in epidemiological studies, but «adequate dose» from an individual clinical perspective. So far no evidence has been published of a tool capable of providing a global measurement of dose adequacy. The purpose of this paper is to explain and to analize the Opiate Dosage Adequacy Scale (ODAS). Material and methods. One multicentric, observational and cross-sectional study design was performed on a total sample of 300 randomized opiatedependent out-patients treated in a methadone maintenance program (MMP) in 10 outpatient public centres. The Opiate Dosage Adequacy Scale (ODAS) is a brief semi-structured clinical interview (10 items, ruled in 10-15 minutes) whose purpose is to clinically assess how adequate the methadone dose prescribed in the context of the patient’s methadone maintenance program is to his or her individual needs. Results. The psychometrics propierties to support this use are explained, published previously. Internal consistency for the ODAS was acceptable. Very high inter-rater reliability was found across items. The factor analysis yielded a four factor structure exactly coinciding with the dimensions of the «dose adequacy» construct proposed a priori («opiate withdrawal syndrome», «craving», «overmedication » and «heroin use»). Conclusions. The ODAS attempts to provide clinical measurements of the degree to which a given methadone dose is «adequate» for an individual patient. This instrument can be one useful tool for clinical practice and clinical research, opening one interesting reseach line (AU)


Assuntos
Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Psicometria/métodos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , /normas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/psicologia , Metadona , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , /tendências , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes/métodos , Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais
11.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 10(1): 1-16, ene. 2008. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64939

RESUMO

Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión conceptual sobre los principales aspectos farmacológicos que fundamentan el uso clínico de la buprenorfina/naloxona. Material y métodos. Se realiza una búsqueda bibliográfica y se revisan las principales guías clínicas de buena práctica sobre el tratamiento con buprenorfina y buprenorfina/naloxona. Se seleccionan las recomendaciones coincidentes y se realiza una síntesis actualizada desde una orientación clínica práctica. Resultado. La buprenorfina/naloxona es un producto con un perfil farmacológico eficaz y seguro para el tratamiento de la dependencia de opiáceos. Como agonista parcial de los receptores opiáceos µ y antagonista de los receptores opiáceos k, ofrece ciertas ventajas para un determinado grupo de pacientes dependientes de los opiáceos, a pesar de que la metadona seguirá siendo el fármaco de primera elección para la mayoría. La fase de inducción es un proceso seguro y cómodo para la mayoría de los pacientes, siendo fundamental una correcta y suficiente información. Se constata una estrecha relación entre el tiempo del paciente en tratamiento y los resultados del programa. Debido a su prolongada vida media, la retirada del fármaco es cómoda para el paciente, sin la presencia de síntomas de abstinencia significativos. Conclusiones. La buprenorfina/naloxona va a ocupar el «espacio» existente entre los programas de tratamiento con agonistas (metadona) y los denominados «programas libres de drogas». Se trata de un fármaco eficaz y seguro que debe emplearse en el contexto de un programa de intervención psicosocial más amplio


Objectives. The aim of this work is to carry out a conceptual review of the main pharmacological aspects on which the clinical use of buprenorphine/naloxone is based. Materials and methods. A bibliographical search is done, and the major clinical guides are reviewed for good practice in treatment with buprenorphine and buprenorphine/nolaxone. The recommendations they have in common are selected and an updated synthesis is carried out from a clinical practice viewpoint. Results. Buprenorphine/naloxone has a safe and efficient pharmacological profile for the treatment of dependence on opiates. As a partial agonist of the opiate µ receptors and antagonist of the opiate k receptors, they offer certain advantages for a particular group of opiate addicts, even though methadone will continue to be the first choice for most such patients. The induction phase, in which sufficient, and correct information is essential, is a safe and easy process for most patients. The time the patient is treated and the programme results are closely related. Due to the prolonged half-life of this medicament, there are no significant withdrawal symptoms when patients end treatment. Conclusions. Buprenorphine/naloxone will cover the existing «gap» between treatment programmes using agonist (methadone) and the so-called «drug-free programmes». It is a safe and effective medicament that should be used in the context of a wider programme of psycho-social intervention


Assuntos
Humanos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Buprenorfina/farmacocinética , Naloxona/farmacocinética , Esquema de Medicação , Metadona/uso terapêutico
12.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 10(1): 49-64, ene. 2008. ilus, tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-64943

RESUMO

Objetivo. Descripción y evaluación clínica del proceso de inducción a buprenorfina sublingual (Subutex®) en el contexto de una comunidad terapéutica, en pacientes que venían tomando metadona. Material y métodos. Estudio observacional (descriptivo), longitudinal prospectivo y abierto (diseño antes-después). Se utilizó un procedimiento de muestreo consecutivo no probabilístico. Una muestra de pacientes en tratamiento con metadona que ingresaron en una comunidad terapéutica fueron transferidos a buprenorfina sublingual (Subutex®). Posteriormente, las dosis de este fármaco se fueron reduciendo hasta su retirada dentro de un período de 16 semanas. Los pacientes cumplían criterios DSM-IV de dependencia de opiáceos, eran mayores de edad y firmaron un consentimiento informado. Todos los pacientes fueron evaluados antes y después de la toma de buprenorfina durante los cinco días que duró la inducción. El protocolo del estudio fue aprobado por el Comité Autonómico de Ensayos Clínicos de Andalucía y se ha desarrollado de acuerdo con la Declaración de Helsinki. Como medidas se han utilizado la Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (OOWS), la Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS), el Test para la Evaluación de la Calidad de Vida en Adictos a Sustancias Psicoactivas (TECVASP), el General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), el Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) y el Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Resultados. Un total de 119 pacientes cumplieron los criterios de selección. De éstos, 46 sujetos fueron transferidos desde metadona a buprenorfina, mientras que los 73 restantes decidieron permanecer en tratamiento con metadona. Se observa una reducción de casi dos tercios en las puntuaciones de las escalas de abstinencia entre ambos momentos de la evaluación. Esta diferencia fue estadísticamente significativa tanto para el síndrome de abstinencia a opiáceos (SAO) objetivo (t = 4,679; g.l. = 44; p < 0,000) como para el SAO subjetivo (t = 4,886; grados de libertad (g.l.) = 44; p < 0,000). A medida que se incrementaban día a día las dosis medias de Subutex® los síntomas de abstinencia fueron disminuyendo durante los tres primeros días y, a partir del cuarto día, el SAO prácticamente habían desaparecido. Conclusiones. Los datos de este trabajo aportan más evidencias sobre la efectividad farmacológica, la seguridad y la comodidad del proceso de transferencia desde el tratamiento con metadona al de buprenorfina


Objective. Description and clinical assessment of buprenorphine induction in a sample of opiate-dependent patients transferred from methadone in therapeutic communities. Material and methods. Observational (descriptive), open longitudinal prospective study («before-after» design). A non-probabilistic consecutive sampling procedure was used. A sample of patients in treatment with methadone who were admitted to five therapeutic communities was transferred to buprenorphine induction (Subutex®). When it was considered appropriate, gradual reduction was begun to reduce the buprenorphine dose to 0 mg within 16 weeks. The patients met DSM-IV-TR criteria for Opiate Dependence, were adults and signed an informed consent release. All of the patients were evaluated at three times; baseline assessment (Mo), after one month of treatment (M1) and after three months (M2). The study protocol was approved by the Andalusian Regional Committee for Clinical Trials, and was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. The measurement instruments are: The Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (OOWS), the Subjective Opiate Withdrawal Scale (SOWS), the Health Related Quality of Life for Drug Abusers Test (HRQoLDA Test), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Opiate Treatment Index (OTI) and the Schedules for Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN). Results. A total of 119 patients met the selection criteria. Of these, 46 subjects were transferred from methadone to buprenorphine, while the remaining 73 decided to stay on their methadone maintenance treatment. A clinically significant reduction in opiate withdrawal scores between assessment points was observed. This differences was statistically significant too for objective OWS (t = 4,679; g.l. = 44; p < 0,000) and for subjective OWS (t = 4,886; g.l. = 44; p < 0,000). The day by day increment of Subutex® doses was associated to go down withdrawal symptoms during the first three days. From fourth day to forward the OWS symptoms was negligible. Conclusions. Data of this paper provide more evidences about pharmacologic effectiveness, security and comfort of transfer from methadone to buprenorphine process


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adulto , Metadona/farmacocinética , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Buprenorfina/farmacocinética , Síndrome de Abstinência a Substâncias/tratamento farmacológico , Administração Sublingual , Estudos Prospectivos
13.
Leukemia ; 21(5): 868-76, 2007 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17361230

RESUMO

The Wilms' tumor 1 (WT1) gene encodes a transcription factor important for normal cellular development and cell survival. The initial discovery of WT1 as the causative gene in an autosomal-recessive condition identified it as a tumor suppressor gene whose mutations are associated with urogenital disease and the development of kidney tumors. However, this view is not in keeping with the frequent finding of wild-type, full-length WT1 in human leukemia, breast cancer and several other cancers including the majority of Wilms' tumors. Rather, these observations suggest that in those conditions, WT1 has an oncogenic role in tumor formation. In this review, we explore the literature supporting both views of WT1 in human cancer and in particular human leukemias. To understand the mechanism by which WT1 can do this, we will also examine its functional activity as a transcription factor and the influence of protein partners on its dual behavior.


Assuntos
Genes do Tumor de Wilms , Leucemia/genética , Oncogenes , Proteínas WT1/fisiologia , Diferenciação Celular , Sobrevivência Celular , Hematopoese , Humanos , Leucemia/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Proteínas WT1/análise , Proteínas WT1/química
15.
Leukemia ; 19(7): 1161-8, 2005 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-15902297

RESUMO

Acute myeloblastic leukemia (AML) may be classified in a number of ways. Using the French American British classification, the M3 form of the disease or acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) has been found to be sensitive in vitro and in vivo to the retinoid all trans retinoic acid (ATRA). The mechanism for this is by restoration of normal gene expression through the release of histone deacetylase complexes (HDACs). In contrast to APL, other forms of AML are either nonresponsive or show blunted responses to ATRA. We evaluated if the inhibitor of HDAC activity, valproic acid (VPA), could mimic or enhance retinoid sensitivity in the AML cell line, OCI/AML-2, and clinical samples derived from patients with AML. An Affymetrix GeneChip experiment demonstrated that VPA modulated the expression of numerous genes in OCI/AML-2 cells that were not affected by ATRA including p21, a retinoid responsive gene in APL. VPA induced p21 expression in OCI/AML-2 cells and the majority of the AML samples tested; this was associated with cell cycle arrest and apoptosis not seen with ATRA alone. The addition of ATRA to VPA accentuated many of these responses, supporting the potential beneficial combination of these drugs in the treatment of AML.


Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores de Histona Desacetilases , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/tratamento farmacológico , Leucemia Mieloide Aguda/enzimologia , Tretinoína/farmacologia , Ácido Valproico/farmacologia , Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p21 , Ensaios de Seleção de Medicamentos Antitumorais , Sinergismo Farmacológico , Regulação da Expressão Gênica , Histona Desacetilases/genética , Humanos , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase Via Transcriptase Reversa , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Relação Estrutura-Atividade
16.
Trastor. adict. (Ed. impr.) ; 7(1): 31-36, ene. 2005. tab
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-039986

RESUMO

Objetivo: Establecer una opinión formadaacerca de las evidencias farmacoeconómicasde los tratamientos con buprenorfina.Material y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica no sistemáticay valoración crítica de los estudios de evaluacióneconómica sobre este tratamiento.Resultados: El número de estudios encontradoses muy limitado. La mayoría son análisis de costeefectividadque tratan de comparar los tratamientosde buprenorfina con los de metadona. En términosglobales, la metadona es la alternativamenos costosa y la más efectiva pero, al compararlas razones efectividad/coste, no se observan diferenciassignificativas.Conclusiones: La evidencia farmacoeconómicaes aún insuficiente para extraer conclusiones relevantes.No obstante, hay datos que apoyan la utilidadde los tratamientos con buprenorfina paraalgunas tipologías de pacientes. Debería incorporarsela perspectiva del usuario ante la decisión sobrela financiación de este fármaco


Objectives: The development of anscientific-based opinion on buprenorphine treatmentevidence-based pharmacoeconomics.Material and methods: Non-systematized, criticaland bibliographic revision of published clinicaltrials and revision on economic evaluation on thistreatment.Results: The number of papers published is veryscarce. The greater part of this are cost-effectivenessstudies on methadone maintenance treatmentvs. buprenorphine maintenance treatment. In globalsense, the most effective and in low cost alternativeis methadone program, however, there arenot statistical differences in the effective/cost ratios.Conclusions: The evidence-based pharmacoeconomicsis non-sufficient in order to obtain relevantconclusions. However, some informations confirmthe usefulness of buprenorphine for several patientstipologies. It is necessary to include the patientopinions on the decision-making process onbuprenorphine financing


Assuntos
Humanos , Buprenorfina/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Opioides/tratamento farmacológico , Custos de Medicamentos/tendências
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