Reply letter to "safety of SARS-Cov-2 vaccines administration for adult patients with hereditary fructose intolerance".

In the letter, Urro et al. performed a search on the sucrose, fructose and sorbitol content in the approved Sars-Cov-2 vaccines and they concluded that these vaccines can be safely administered in adults affected by Hereditary fructose intolerance.The Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine is currently approved for use in adolescents ≥ 12 years and the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine is close to approval for use in children over 12 years of age. Furthermore, both vaccines have initiated clinical trials that will include infant as young as 6 months. Therefore, we considerate important to analyze the safely administration of this two vaccines in children with Hereditary fructose intolerance.

Letter to the editor concerning the article 'Safety of vaccines administration in hereditary fructose intolerance'.

The most important approach for the management of hereditary fructose intolerance is a strict avoidance of fructose, sucrose and sorbitol from the diet and medications. A safe threshold of 2.4 mg/kg/dose was recently established by the Instituto Superiore di Sanità of Italy for both oral and parenteral routes, thus shouldering a safe administration of a majority of vaccines in these patients. This would not include, Rotarix® pre-established oral suspension and Rotateq® vaccines, which are indeed contraindicated. Moreover, Rotarix® white powder and solvent for oral suspension would only be safely administered at a weight above 9.3 kg.Overall, these recommendations to avoid rotavirus vaccination are difficult to implement because these vaccines are given during exclusive breastfeeding, prior to fructose-containing food introduction.

Hipertransaminasemia secundaria a macroaspartato aminotransferasa / Secondary hypertransaminasemia to macro-aspartate aminotransferase

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Caso clínico: hipercalcemia refractaria asociada a linfoma b, una emergencia oncológica / Clinical case: Refractory hypercalcemia associated to B-cell lymphoma, an oncological emergency

La hipercalcemia asociada a procesos tumorales es un hallazgo poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. El manejo terapéutico va encaminado a favorecer la calciuresis con diversos métodos farmacológicos e, incluso, técnicas de depuración extrarrenal. El objetivo de la exposición de este caso clínico es presentar a un paciente con hipercalcemia grave refractaria, que solo respondió a un tratamiento etiológico precoz con el empleo de quimioterapia, y se evitaron así las posibles complicaciones secundarias a dicha alteración electrolítica.(AU)

Hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome is rare in children. Therapeutic management is aimed at promoting calciuresis with various pharmacological methods, even with extrarenal purification techniques. The aim of presenting this case is to highlight the importance of early etiologic treatment through chemotherapy as an urgent treatment in a refractory and severe hypercalcemia case, in order to avoid possible secondary complications due to this electrolyte disturbance.(AU)

Caso clínico: hipercalcemia refractaria asociada a linfoma b, una emergencia oncológica / Clinical case: Refractory hypercalcemia associated to B-cell lymphoma, an oncological emergency

La hipercalcemia asociada a procesos tumorales es un hallazgo poco frecuente en la edad pediátrica. El manejo terapéutico va encaminado a favorecer la calciuresis con diversos métodos farmacológicos e, incluso, técnicas de depuración extrarrenal. El objetivo de la exposición de este caso clínico es presentar a un paciente con hipercalcemia grave refractaria, que solo respondió a un tratamiento etiológico precoz con el empleo de quimioterapia, y se evitaron así las posibles complicaciones secundarias a dicha alteración electrolítica.

Hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome is rare in children. Therapeutic management is aimed at promoting calciuresis with various pharmacological methods, even with extrarenal purification techniques. The aim of presenting this case is to highlight the importance of early etiologic treatment through chemotherapy as an urgent treatment in a refractory and severe hypercalcemia case, in order to avoid possible secondary complications due to this electrolyte disturbance.

[Clinical case: Refractory hypercalcemia associated to B-cell lymphoma, an oncological emergency]. / Caso clínico: hipercalcemia refractaria asociada a linfoma b, una emergencia oncológica.

Hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic syndrome is rare in children. Therapeutic management is aimed at promoting calciuresis with various pharmacological methods, even with extrarenal purification techniques. The aim of presenting this case is to highlight the importance of early etiologic treatment through chemotherapy as an urgent treatment in a refractory and severe hypercalcemia case, in order to avoid possible secondary complications due to this electrolyte disturbance.

Precocious presentation of autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 associated with an AIRE mutation.

Autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 2 (type 2 APS), or Schmidt's syndrome, is defined by the presence of Addison's disease in combination with type 1 diabetes and/or autoimmune thyroid disease. The estimated prevalence of this syndrome is 1.4-4.5 per 100,000 inhabitants and it is more frequent in middle-aged females, whilst it is quite rare in children. Type 2 APS, which shows a pattern of autosomal dominant inheritance with low penetrance, has been associated with HLA specific DR3/DQ2 and DR4/DQ8 haplotypes. However, it has been hypothesized that genetic variability in the AIRE gene, which causing type 1 APS, may play a role in more common organ-specific autoimmune conditions like type 1 diabetes, Hashimoto's disease and type 2 APS, among others. Here we present the case of an 8-year-old girl, with a past medical history of type 1 diabetes diagnosed at the age of 3. She was taken to the Emergency Department because she complained of abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, and her blood analysis revealed a severe hyponatremia. She also had seizures as a consequence of the hyponatremia and frequent hypoglycemia. She was ultimately found to be suffering from autoimmune primary adrenal insufficiency. The combination of both mentioned conditions, type 1 diabetes and Addison's disease, in the absence of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, made a diagnosis of type 2 APS plausible in this girl. The genetic study showed two heterozygous variants: NM_000383.2:C.1411C>T (p. Arg471Cys) in exon 12 and IVS9+6G>A in intron 9 of the AIRE gene. The description of an uncommon case of type 2 APS with precocious presentation associated with an AIRE mutation in a very young girl could help to clarify the role of AIRE in the development of autoimmune diseases.