Intraoperative Scoring System to Assess the Difficult Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Prospective Study From a Tertiary Care Centre.

Background In comparison to a traditional cholecystectomy (open), the laparoscopic cholecystectomy approach provides a number of benefits and has been demonstrated in some studies to have a greater complication rate. The conversion rate from laparoscopic to open surgery ranged between 2% and 15%. A preoperative scoring or grading system (based on age, sex, history, clinical examination, laboratory, and sonographic results) was developed by Nassar et al., to anticipate the challenge of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. So, we conducted this study to assess the degree of difficulty in faced during laparoscopic cholecystectomy using an intraoperative scoring system and validate the same using the preoperative scoring system. Methods We conducted this study in the department of General Surgery among 105 patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy during the defined study period of one year. We performed the preoperative workup for all patients. A preoperative scoring or grading system developed by Nassar et al., in 2020 was used. In our study, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was performed by surgeons having a minimum of eight years of hands-on experience in laparoscopic surgeries. An intraoperative scoring or grading system for the degree of difficulty during laparoscopic cholecystectomy, developed by Sugrue et al., in 2015 was used. The Chi-square test was applied to assess the association between preoperative variables and the intraoperative score grading. We have also performed the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis to validate the preoperative score in predicting the intraoperative findings. All tests were considered statically significant if the p-value was < 0.05. Results In our study, a total of 105 patients were included in the study and the mean age of patients was 57.6±16.4 years. The male patients were 58.1% and the remaining 41.9% were females. The primary diagnosis was cholecystitis among 44.8% of patients and 2.9% of patients were diagnosed with pancreatitis. Among enrolled patients, laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done on an emergency basis among 2.9% of subjects. During the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, among 21.0% and 30.5% of patients, there was a severe and extreme degree of difficulty respectively. In our study, the conversion rate from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy was 8.6%. In our study, we found that at a preoperative score of 6, the sensitivity and specificity for predicting easy cases were 88.2% and 73.8%, respectively, and had an accuracy of 88.6% for easy cases and 68.5% for difficult cases. Conclusion When grading the difficulties of doing a laparoscopic cholecystectomy and determining the severity of cholecystitis, this intraoperative scoring system is effective and accurate. Additionally, it signifies the need for conversion from laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy in cases of severe cholecystitis.

Gestational weight gain trajectories in GARBH-Ini pregnancy cohort in North India and a comparative analysis with global references.

BACKGROUND: To describe the pattern of gestational weight gain (GWG), derive reference centiles for GWG specific to North Indian population, and to compare the weight gain across different periods of gestation with the INTERGROWTH-21st reference. METHODS: A prospective pregnancy (GARBH-Ini) cohort was initiated and followed between May 2015 and June 2019 in a district hospital, Gurguram, North India. GWG centile curves were modelled by Generalized Additive Models for Location, Scale and Shape method (n = 2844) and compared with INTERGROWTH-21st reference. The independent association of GWG with biological and social predictors was assessed using multivariable regression analysis. RESULTS: Percentiles (3rd, 10th, 50th, 90th and 97th) for each completed week from 18-40 weeks of gestation were derived from smoothed centile curves. The median GWG across pregnancy during specific antenatal visits was 1.29 at 18, 4.44 at 26, 5.8 at 30 and 9.06 kg at 40 weeks of gestation. Nearly 26% of participants had GWG < 10th centile at 18-20 weeks as per INTERGROWTH-21st reference and this increased to 45% at delivery. Significant predictors of GWG included maternal age, height, first trimester body mass index, parity, type of family, and use of clean fuel for cooking. CONCLUSION: These GWG percentiles will serve as a useful reference, particularly during the WHO recommended antenatal visit schedule for optimum pregnancy outcomes, for clinicians and researchers. Multiple independent biological and social predictors of GWG suggest that single interventions are unlikely to bridge the gap between general Indian population and international references.

Post Extubation Airway Conditions after Direct Laryngoscopic Biopsy: A Comparative Evaluation between Lignocaine Nebulization and Lignocaine Lozenges - A Randomized Trial.

CONTEXT: Postextubation airway complications are one of the most undesired side effects of airway manipulation. Pharmacological and nonpharmacological measures have been utilized for minimizing the morbidity. Lignocaine lozenges, a new modality, used to reduce post-extubation airway complications is an area yet to be explored. AIMS: The aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the effects of lignocaine nebulization versus lignocaine lozenges in decreasing immediate postextubation airway complications in patients presenting for direct laryngoscopic biopsy. SETTINGS AND DESIGN: This randomized study was conducted at tertiary care teaching hospital in northern state of India. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 90 patients, 40-70 years, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status Classes I, II, and III of either sex, posted for elective direct laryngoscopic biopsy, requiring general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation were included and randomly divided into groups (n = 30) to receive lignocaine nebulization (Group A), lignocaine lozenge (Group B), control (Group C). The patients were assessed for a cough after extubation after 5 min then every 10 min up to 30 min postextubation. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS USED: Categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test and continuous variables by using one-way Analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis test, respectively. RESULTS: Comparison of a cough at various time intervals starting from extubation up to 30 min in post-extubation period was highly significant in between groups. Among Group A (lignocaine nebulization) 33% of patients had a decrease in the severity of a cough within the first 5 min; although among Group B (Lignocaine Lozenges), the decrease in the severity of a cough (40%) was more as compared to that of Group A. Similar decrease in the severity of a cough was observed through various time interval from 10 min to 30 min postextubation. After 30 min, 73% of patients in Group A and 76% of patients in Group B had an incidence of a decrease in the severity of cough. CONCLUSIONS: Lignocaine Lozenges have been found to have a better result.

Multiple musculovascular anomalies in the superior extremities of a cadaver: a case report.

During the evolution from the lower animals to man, the upper limbs have acquired a great mobility, but at the cost of their stability. The reverse is true for the lower limbs. The muscular anomalies which are common in the upper limbs are largely explainable on a phylogenetic basis. The same is true for the vascular anomalies. However, such anomalies are usually seen singly and they are never together in the same limb or in two limbs of the same body. The upper limbs which are being reported here had multiple musculovascular anomalies and some of these were bilateral. These include the superficial brachial artery, the accessory head of the biceps brachii, the accessory muscular slips which arose from the common flexor origin and went to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus and the flexor pollicis longus separately, bifurcation of the tendon of insertion of the brachioradialis and bifurcated (split) insertion of the third lumbrical on the adjacent fingers. Though all these variations have been described in the standard text books of Anatomy, their occurrence, together in one limb and the bilateral presentations of some of these, have never been encountered. Almost all these variations have been explained phylogenically, thus supporting the dictum, "The ontogeny repeats the phylogeny." Furthermore, their clinical significance has also been discussed.

The role of the anterior border of the hip bone in sexual dimorphism: a morphometric study in the North Indian population.

Understanding sexual dimorphism is very important in studies of human evolution and skeletal biology. The ability to determine sex from unknown skeletal remains is vital and methods to do this on the various bones of the human skeleton have been researched extensively especially in the studies related to forensic anthropology. The distinctive morphology and clear sexual dimorphism of the hip bone makes it an ideal bone for sex determination. Whereas the roles of the parameters of its posterior border (including the greater sciatic notch) are well established, those of the anterior border are not much explored. The present study was designed to establish the morphometric pattern of the anterior border of the hip bone and its role in sexual dimorphism. Material for the current investigation comprised 100 hip bones belonging to 50 cadavers ([M:F = 80:20] and [R:L = 50:50]) obtained from the Department of Anatomy, Government Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India. Sixteen parameters of the anterior border were taken and three indices were calculated. Eight parameters were significantly greater in males: (i) straight distance anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)-symphyseal surface (SS); (ii) straight distance ASIS-pubic tubercle (PT); (iii) straight distance anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)-SS; (iv) straight distance AIIS-PT; (v) arch of anterior interspinous notch (ASIS-AIIS); (vi) arch between AIIS and ilio-pubic (IP); (vii) depth of notch between AIIS and IP; (viii) arch of anterior border (ASIS-SS). The results of the present study could be helpful in pronouncing an opinion, for a single specimen, about its origin in general terms or sex.