Outcome's Classification in Mobile Applications Tailored to Parents of Premature Infants: A Systematic Review.

Background: Integration of healthcare services for preterm neonates at home and hospital by mobile technology is an economical and convenient intervention, which is being increasingly applied worldwide. We aimed to classify the outcomes of mobile applications tailored to parents of premature infants. Methods: This systematic review was conducted by searching the six main databases until May 2021. Mobile applications tailored to parents of premature infants and the reported outcomes of this technology were identified and classified. Quality of screened articles checked by MMAT tool. Results: Overall, 10703 articles were retrieved, and after eliminating the duplicated articles, 9 articles were reviewed ultimately. Identified outcomes were categorized into three groups parental, application, and neonatal outcomes. In the parental outcomes, maternal stress/stress coping, parenting self-efficacy, satisfaction, anxiety, partnership advocacy/improved parent-infant relationship, feeling of being safe, reassurance and confidence, increase awareness, as well as discharge preparedness, were identified. In the application outcomes, application usage, ease of use/user-friendly, and usability of the designed application were placed. Finally, the neonatal outcomes include health and clinical items. Conclusion: Mobile applications can be useful in prematurity for educating pregnant mothers, managing stress and anxiety, supporting families, and preparing for discharge. Moreover, due to the coronavirus condition, providing remote services for parents is an appropriate solution to reduce the in-person visits to neonatal care centers. Development of tailored apps can promote the neonates' health and reduce their parents' stress.

Designing and evaluating the children's developmental motor disorders system: an experience from a developing country.

BACKGROUND: Developmental disorders are a prevalent problem in the health sector of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), and children in these countries are at greater risk. A registry system is helpful and vital to monitoring and managing this disease. OBJECTIVE: The present study aims to develop an electronic registry system for children's developmental motor disorders. METHODS: The study was conducted between 2019 and 2020 in three phases. First, the requirements of the system were identified. Second, UML diagrams were first drawn using Microsoft Visio software. Then, the system was designed using the ASP.NET framework in Visual Studio 2018, and the C# programming language was used in the NET 4.5 technology platform. In the third phase, system usability was evaluated from the users' viewpoint. RESULTS: The findings of this research included system requirements, a conceptual model, and a web-based system. The client and system server connection was established through the IP/TCP communication protocol in a university physical network. End users approved the system with an agreement rate of 87.14%. CONCLUSION: The study's results can be used as a model for designing and developing systems related to children's developmental movement disorders in other countries. It is also suggested as a valuable platform for research and improving the management of this disease.

Mobile applications for prematurity: a systematic review protocol.

Background: Premature birth is a global epidemic of significant public health concern. Counselling and education of pregnant women at risk of preterm birth or mothers with premature infants are essential to improve mother and infant health. Mobile applications are an increasingly popular tool among parents to receive health information and education. This study aims to evaluate the usages and the effects of a mobile application designed for premature births in order to improve health outcomes. Methods: This review will include all studies of different designs which evaluated the use and impact of interventions provided via mobile applications on pregnant women at risk of preterm birth or mothers with premature infants in order to address all health outcomes. A combination of keywords and MeSH(Medical Subject Headings) terms is used in the search strategy. Literature databases including Scopus, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, ProQuest, CINAHL and Cochrane Library will be searched to May 2021. Furthermore, eligible studies will be chosen from the reference list of retrieved papers. Two researchers will independently review the retrieved citations to decide whether they meet the inclusion criteria. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) V.2018 will be used to assess the quality of studies. Relevant data are collected in a data extraction form and analysed. Results are reported under the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Discussion: This systematic review will recognize and combine evidence about the usages and impact of mobile application interventions on the health improvement of pregnant women at risk of preterm birth or mothers with premature infants.

A Survey of implementation status of child nutrition surveillance systems, registry systems and information systems: a scoping literature review protocol.

Introduction: Child malnutrition in all forms is known globally as the leading cause of poor health. Planning and solving this challenge require sources that collect data accurately. Nutrition surveillance systems (NSS), nutrition registry systems (NRS) and nutrition information systems (NIS) collect and analyse data on nutrition status. Unfortunately, these systems only exist in a few countries. The methods that these systems use significantly differ and their effectiveness is also scarcely researched. This scoping literature review aimed to conduct a survey on NSS, NRS and NIS that collect data on children's nutrition at national and international levels, along with their attributes. Methods and analysis: The methods and analyses of this scoping review follow the Arksey and O'Malley's methodology. This scoping literature review will be conducted in five stages based on this method. (1) The main research question and subquestions are identified. (2) Relevant studies are extracted. In this step, we will search electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus and ISI Web of Science. A manual search will also be performed in Google Scholar, grey literature, and the websites of organisations such as WHO, UNICEF, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Health Service, International Food Policy Research Institute, Food and Agriculture Organization, Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance, United Nations World Food Programme, and United Nations System Standing Committee on Nutrition. (3) Extracted studies are separately reviewed by two reviewers based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and eligible studies are then selected. A third reviewer resolves disagreements. (4) A checklist is developed to extract the features. Data of included systems are separately extracted and entered into a checklist by two reviewers. A third reviewer then resolves any disagreement. (5) Data are summarised and analysed and are presented in tables and figures. Discussion: This scoping literature review provides strong evidence of the status of systems that collect data on the status of child nutrition. This evidence can help select best practices which can be applied to develop future systems. It can also be a positive step towards achieving an integrated system.

Mobile apps for weight management in children and adolescents; An updated systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Considering inconclusive data regarding the possible effects of mobile applications on anthropometric measures (e.g. body mass index (BMI), body weight, waist circumference, fat mass) and physical activity (e.g. steps or METS) in paediatric subjects, the present systematic review was conducted to clarify this issue. METHODS: Online databases including PubMed, Scopus, ISI Web of Science, Embase, and Ovid were searched, and also a hand search through Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and grey literature was done up to December 2020 to find all relevant studies. RESULTS: Nine studies were included in this review (n = 978 participants). Five of the studies utilized a mobile app as an independent intervention. Using mobile applications resulted in a lower body mass index in two studies, while only one study reported a decrease in body weight. Besides, significant improvement in physical activity as evidenced by higher step count was reported by only one study. CONCLUSION: Nevertheless, the findings from these primary studies, although slightly mixed, provide support for further research with the implementation of mobile apps as an additional approach for combating childhood obesity. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: We recommend to raise attention towards and interest in the mobile app for childhood obesity prevention and treatment.

The association between omentin and diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.

AIMS: A number of studies have examined the association between the serum levels of omentin and diabetes, but the findings have been inconclusive. Herein, we systematically reviewed available observational studies to elucidate the overall relationship between omentin and diabetes, including type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) among adolescent and adult population. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane's Library, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ISI Web of Science databases were searched for all available literature until January 2019 for studies assessing the association between omentin and diabetes. The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale was used to assess the quality of each study. RESULTS: A total of 28 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in our systematic review and meta-analysis. There was a significant association between serum omentin and diabetes (WMD-1.68; 95% CI, -2.17 to -1.19; P<0.001). The result of our sub-group analysis based on participants' health status revealed that omentin was significantly lower in T2DM and IGT subjects but not in T1DM ones compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSION: We found that serum omentin level is significantly lower in T2DM and IGT patients but not in T1DM ones. These data could be used by clinicians for early diagnosis and management of diabetes. Furthermore, we need more clinical trials to investigate new agents which could influence omentin levels.

Increasing prevalence of familial recurrence of multiple sclerosis in Iran: a population based study of Tehran registry 1999-2015.

BACKGROUND: Tehran is the capital of Iran with an increasing multiple sclerosis (MS) prevalence. A retrospective population-based study was conducted to evaluate the trends of MS prevalence in Tehran. METHODS: A population-based survey was conducted for the period 1999 to 2015, based on Iranian MS Society (IMSS) registry system of Tehran, the capital city of Iran. Point regression analysis was applied on MS trend data to find annual percent change (APC). The logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for individual variables in order to assess factors associating with familial recurrence of MS. P values < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: MS prevalence has significantly increased during the study period from 1999 to 2015 (56.22 per 100,000). Total point prevalence of MS was 115.94 per 100,000 persons in 2015 compared to general population. Positive family history of MS was observed among 12.4% of patients. The strongest association amongst first-degree relatives was found in siblings, p value ≤ 0.001. CONCLUSION: MS prevalence is rising in Tehran and this city is one of the regions with highest MS prevalence in Asia. In this sample, the largest proportion of relatives with MS were found among first-degree relatives, particularly siblings. Familial recurrence correlated with relative type.

The effects of CCK-8S on spatial memory and long-term potentiation at CA1 during induction of stress in rats.

OBJECTIVES: Cholecystokinin (CCK) has been proposed as a mediator in stress. However, it is still not fully documented what are its effects. We aimed to evaluate the effects of systemic administration of CCK exactly before induction of stress on spatial memory and synaptic plasticity at CA1 in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: the control, the control-CCK, the stress and the stress-CCK. Restraint stress was induced 6 hr per day, for 24 days. Cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide (CCK-8S) was injected (1.6 µg/kg, IP) before each session of stress induction. Spatial memory was evaluated by Morris water maze test. Long-term potentiation (LTP) in Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses was assessed (by 100 Hz tetanization) in order to investigate synaptic plasticity. RESULTS: Stress impaired spatial memory significantly (P<0.01). CCK in the control rats improved memory (P<0.05), and prevented the impairments in the stress group. With respect to the control group, both fEPSP amplitude and slope were significantly (P<0.05) decreased in the stress group. However, there were no differences between responses of the control-CCK and Stress-CCK groups compared to the control group. CONCLUSION: The present results suggest that high levels of CCK-8S during induction of stress can modulate the destructive effects of stress on hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory. Therefore, the mediatory effects of CCK in stress are likely as compensatory responses.

Evaluation of Vitamin D3 and D2 Stability in Fortified Flat Bread Samples During Dough Fermentation, Baking and Storage.

Purpose: Vitamin D, a fat-soluble secosteroid, has a significant role in bone metabolism and helps calcium absorption in the body. Since vitamin D concentration is altered in fortified foods and dietary supplements, the actual amount of vitamin D may differ from the label value. Methods: In this study, the concentrations of vitamin D2 and D3 of fortified bread sample were analytically determined. For this purpose, dough or homogenized bread sample was saponified using potassium hydroxide solution (30%, w/v) at 80°C, and the saponified analytes were extracted into n-heptane followed by liquid-liquid extraction. Then n-heptane fraction was evaporated to dryness and the sample was reconstituted in methanol. The effect of different parameters was evaluated by one variable at one-time strategy. Results: The analytes concentrations were evaluated in dough fermentation, baking and storage steps. The effect of temperature in dough fermentation and baking was evaluated at the range of 5-30 and 200-250°C, respectively. Also, the fermentation time was studied in the range of 0-120 min. The analytes concentrations were followed for 1 to 5 days after baking. The results indicated that dough fermentation temperature has no significant effect on the concentration of the analytes. On the other hand, when the dough fermentation time and baking temperature are increased, the analytes concentrations are decreased. Also, the storage duration of the spiked bread samples decreased the analytes concentrations after one day. Conclusion: Based on the obtained results, baking the dough at high temperatures lead to decrease in vitamin levels.

Preconceived Stakeholders' Attitude Toward Telepathology: Implications for Successful Implementation.

INTRODUCTION: Telepathology is a subdiscipline of telemedicine. It has opened new horizons to pathology, especially to the field of organizing consultations. This study aims to determine the capabilities and equipment required for the implementation of telepathology from the viewpoints of managers, IT professionals, and pathologists of the hospitals of West Azerbaijan, Iran. METHODS: This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted as a cross-sectional study in 2015. All public and private hospitals of West Azerbaijan were selected as the study sites. The population of the study was the managers, directors, pathologists, and IT professionals of the hospitals. The study population was considered as the study sample. Data were collected using questionnaires. The validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed, and data were analyzed using SPSS (Statistical Product and Services Solutions, version 16.0, SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). RESULTS: The mean awareness of the study population of telepathology in the studied hospitals was 2.43 with a standard deviation of 0.89. According to analysis results (F = 7.211 and P = 0.001), in the studied hospitals, the mean awareness of pathologists, managers, directors, and IT professionals' of telepathology is significant. In addition, the mean awareness of pathologists is higher than that of managers, directors, and IT professionals, and this relation is significant (P = 0.001). According to IT professionals, among the influential dimensions of the implementation of telepathology in the studied hospitals, the effect of all dimensions, except hardware capabilities, was above moderate level. CONCLUSION: According to our findings, stakeholders believe that the implementation of telepathology promotes the quality of health-care services and caring patients on the one hand and decreases health-care costs on the other hand. Therefore, it crucial and important to consider users' viewpoints into the process of implementing such systems as they play a vital role in the success or failure, and the accurate estimation of required sources, of the systems.

Effects of repeated treatment with cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide on passive avoidance memory under chronic restraint stress in male rats.

BACKGROUND: Cholecystokinin (CCK), a peptide hormone found in the gut is the most abundant peptide neurotransmitter in the brain as well, and its effects on learning, memory, and anxiety have been shown. However, it is not clear whether this substance acts as a mediator for anxiety and stress induction or inhibits them. Hence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of CCK on memory function under stress conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: The control, the control-CCK, the stress, and stress-CCK. To induce stress, the rats were placed within adjustable restraint chambers for 6 h daily, for 24 days. CCK-8S (cholecystokinin sulfated octapeptide was injected before induction of stress (1.6 µg/kg, intraperitoneal) for 24 days. Passive avoidance learning test was used for evaluation of learning and memory. Rats received foot electrical shock before stress induction and CCK injection and step through latencies were evaluated 1-day after the last session of stress and treatments. RESULTS: Stress impaired memory significantly (P < 0.05). Although CCK per se decreased memory (P < 0.05), it prevented the memory impairments in the stress group as there was no significant difference between the control and stress-CCK groups. CONCLUSION: Stress has a profound effect on cognition and CCK probably acts as a mediator for its action. Our results showed that a high concentration of CCK during stress may be helpful in alleviating the effects of stress on the brain.

Predictors of inappropriate hospital stay: experience from Iran.

OBJECTIVE: Hospital services are the most expensive component of modern health care systems and inappropriate hospital stay is one of the most important challenges facing hospitals in many countries. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent of inappropriate hospital stay and investigate the related factors in Semnan city (Iran). METHODS: In this study, the Iranian version of Appropriateness Evaluation Protocol (AEP) was used in a representative sample of 300 hospital admissions and 905 hospital days. Data collection was performed during six weeks in January and February 2014 in four wards (two internal medicine and two surgical wards) of two hospitals in Semnan city (Iran). RESULTS: The results showed that 7.4% of admissions and 22.1% of stays have been inappropriate. Inappropriate stays were mainly concerned to the factors, including length of stay, inappropriate admissions, as well as factors related to hospitals. The most frequent causes of unjustifiable days were due to waiting for diagnostic or therapeutic procedures (35.1%), and 20.6% delay in discharge of patients by physicians due to conservative medical policy. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, this study confirms the existence of inappropriate hospital stays which may be due to patient characteristics and hospital factors. The most unjustifiable reasons for inappropriate hospital stay were related to internal processes of hospital, which mostly could be prevented through appropriate management Therefore, some steps must be taken to decrease inappropriate hospital stay and preserve hospital resources for patients who need them.