Implementation of sepsis bundles in public hospitals in Brazil: a prospective study with heterogeneous results.

BACKGROUND: Public hospitals in emerging countries pose a challenge to quality improvement initiatives in sepsis. Our objective was to evaluate the results of a quality improvement initiative in sepsis in a network of public institutions and to assess potential differences between institutions that did or did not achieve a reduction in mortality. METHODS: We conducted a prospective study of patients with sepsis or septic shock. We collected baseline data on compliance with the Surviving Sepsis Campaign 6-h bundles and mortality. Afterward, we initiated a multifaceted quality improvement initiative for patients with sepsis or septic shock in all hospital sectors. The primary outcome was hospital mortality over time. The secondary outcomes were the time to sepsis diagnosis and compliance with the entire 6-h bundles throughout the intervention. We defined successful institutions as those where the mortality rates decreased significantly over time, using a logistic regression model. We analyzed differences over time in the secondary outcomes by comparing the successful institutions with the nonsuccessful ones. We assessed the predictors of in-hospital mortality using logistic regression models. All tests were two-sided, and a p value less than 0.05 indicated statistical significance. RESULTS: We included 3435 patients from the emergency departments (50.7%), wards (34.1%), and intensive care units (15.2%) of 9 institutions. Throughout the intervention, there was an overall reduction in the risk of death, in the proportion of septic shock, and the time to sepsis diagnosis, as well as an improvement in compliance with the 6-h bundle. The time to sepsis diagnosis, but not the compliance with bundles, was associated with a reduction in the risk of death. However, there was a significant reduction in mortality in only two institutions. The reduction in the time to sepsis diagnosis was greater in the successful institutions. By contrast, the nonsuccessful sites had a greater increase in compliance with the 6-h bundle. CONCLUSIONS: Quality improvement initiatives reduced sepsis mortality in public Brazilian institutions, although not in all of them. Early recognition seems to be a more relevant factor than compliance with the 6-h bundle.

Polineuropatia no paciente crítico: um diagnóstico comum em medicina intensiva?: [revisão] / Polyneuropathy in the critical ill patient: a common diagnosis in intensive care medicine?: [review]

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A polineuropatia axonal difusa, hoje mais conhecida como polineuropatia do paciente crítico (PPC), tem sido relatada por autores há décadas, porém, apenas nos últimos 30 anos, ocupa maior importância como causa de dependência prolongada de ventilação mecânica, em pacientes gravemente enfermos internados em Unidades de Terapia Intensiva. Esta revisão teve por objetivo apresentar os princípios tópicos que norteiam a fisiopatologia, diagnóstico e tratamento desta doença em Medicina intensiva. CONTEÚDO: A importância da PPC como complicação inicial do choque séptico e em pacientes com disfunção de múltiplos de órgãos e sistemas (DMOS) está claramente descrita como responsável pelo prolongamento da permanência na UTI e, também pela redução gradativa da probabilidade de sobrevida. Sugere-se que a polineuropatia esteja relacionada com as citocinas envolvidas na sepse, além de outros mediadores que aumentariam a permeabilidade dos vasos, resultando em edema endoneural e lesão axonal. Seu início é de difícil diagnóstico, geralmente sendo possível apenas quando as complicações da sepse ou falência de múltiplos órgãos tenham sido adequadamente controladas. O diagnóstico é feito através da eletroneuromiografia. Apesar de ainda não haver nenhum tratamento medicamentoso efetivo, além do controle da doença de base, é censo comum, entre equipes multidisciplinares que o desenvolvimento da PPC não deve ser entendido como forma de reduzir os esforços do tratamento. CONLUSÕES: A despeito de sua prevalência, ainda permanecem desconhecidos os fatores claramente associados à sua fisiopatologia, bem como adequada terapia para o manuseio desta condição.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diffuse axonal polyneuropathy, more commonly known as Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP), has been discussed by authors by decades; however, it has only been deeply studied over the last thirty years, becoming more important as an important cause of long term dependence on mechanical ventilation by seriously ill patients in intensive care medicine. CONTENTS: A significant reason for such interest is due to the importance of the CIP as complication of the septic shock and in patients with multiple organ failure, as much as responsible for the prolonging hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit, as for the gradual reduction of the chance of survival. It has been suggested that the polyneuropathy is related with cytokines and other mediators which would increase the permeability of the vases, resulting in endoneural edema and causing the axonal injury. It is difficult to do the initial diagnostic, which, in general, are only possibly recognized when the sepsis complications or the multiple organs failure have been satisfactorily controlled. The diagnosis is made through the eletroneuromiography exam, and although there is still no effective drug treatment other than the control of the basic illness, it is consensus among multidisciplinary team that the development of the CIP does not have to be understood as a way to reduce the intensity of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Spit of your prevalence, it is still unknown the mainly factors which are physiopathology associated as soon as your correct therapy.

Perfuração de mucosa esofágica por sonda entérica: relato de caso / Perforation of esofagic mucosa for enteric tube: case report

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Relatar um caso de paciente submetida à passagem de sonda enteral (SE) na UTI, sendo evidenciado falso trajeto no esôfago proximal durante o procedimento endoscópico, demonstrando tunelização pela submucosa. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente do sexo feminino, 77 anos, transferida para UTI, onde foi instalada sonda oroentérica (devido à dificuldade de ser realizada através de ambas as narinas) sendo confirmada sua posição através de radiografia tóraco-abdominal. A paciente permaneceu em torno de 10 dias com a SE, recebendo dieta, sem qualquer alteração. No décimo dia evoluiu com melena e redução dos valores de hemoglobina e hematócrito, sem repercussão hemodinâmica. Foi submetida à endoscopia digestiva alta que evidenciou lesão ulcerosa bulbar de 2,5 cm, com sinais de sangramento pregresso. Durante o exame foi visibilizado um falso trajeto da SE no esôfago proximal, ou seja, no terço superior, cerca de 2 cm abaixo do cricofaríngeo, tunelizada pela submucosa possivelmente por todo segmento descrito, seguindo seu trajeto habitual até câmara gástrica. CONCLUSÕES: Pacientes de alto risco para perfuração esofágica por instalação de SE podem ser identificados e cuidados adequados podem ser utilizados. Se ocorrer perfuração, esta deve ser identificada precocemente, para tratamento adequado. Ele depende da individualização de cada caso e mesmo a terapia clínica pode ser apropriada em casos selecionados.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study is a case report of a patient that was submitted to implant of enteric tube (ET) in the ICU, being evidenced false passage in proximal esophagus during endoscopic procedure, demonstrating tunnel for the submucosa. CASE REPORT: A 77 years old woman, transferred to ICU, where ET was installed (due to difficulty of being carried through both nostrils) being confirmed its position through thoraco-abdominal x-ray. The patient remained around 10 days with the ET, receiving diet, without any alteration. In the 10th day she was evolved with melena and reduction of the values of Hb/Ht, without hemodynamic repercussion. Submitted to the high digestive endoscopic that evidenced ulcer injury to bulbar, of about 2.5 cm, with signals of former bleeding. During the examination, a false passage of the ET in proximal esophagus was visualized: 2 cm below of the crico-faring, tunnel for the submucosa possibly for all above-mentioned segments, following its habitual passage until gastric chamber. CONCLUSIONS: Patients of high risk for esophagus perforation for ET installation can be identified and well-taken care of adjusted they can be used. If to occur perforation, this must be identified how much so early possible, for adequate treatment. The adequate treatment depends of each case and same the clinical therapy can be appropriate in selected cases.

[Perforation of esofagic mucosa for enteric tube: case report]. / Perfuração de mucosa esofágica por sonda entérica: relato de caso.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study is a case report of a patient that was submitted to implant of enteric tube (ET) in the ICU, being evidenced false passage in proximal esophagus during endoscopic procedure, demonstrating tunnel for the submucosa. CASE REPORT: A 77 years old woman, transferred to ICU, where ET was installed (due to difficulty of being carried through both nostrils) being confirmed its position through thoraco-abdominal x-ray. The patient remained around 10 days with the ET, receiving diet, without any alteration. In the 10th day she was evolved with melena and reduction of the values of Hb/Ht, without hemodynamic repercussion. Submitted to the high digestive endoscopic that evidenced ulcer injury to bulbar, of about 2.5 cm, with signals of former bleeding. During the examination, a false passage of the ET in proximal esophagus was visualized: 2 cm below of the crico-faring, tunnel for the submucosa possibly for all above-mentioned segments, following its habitual passage until gastric chamber. CONCLUSIONS: Patients of high risk for esophagus perforation for ET installation can be identified and well-taken care of adjusted they can be used. If to occur perforation, this must be identified how much so early possible, for adequate treatment. The adequate treatment depends of each case and same the clinical therapy can be appropriate in selected cases.

[Polyneuropathy in the critical ill patient: a common diagnosis in intensive care medicine?]. / Polineuropatia no paciente crítico: um diagnóstico comum em medicina intensiva?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The diffuse axonal polyneuropathy, more commonly known as Critical Illness Polyneuropathy (CIP), has been discussed by authors by decades; however, it has only been deeply studied over the last thirty years, becoming more important as an important cause of long term dependence on mechanical ventilation by seriously ill patients in intensive care medicine. CONTENTS: A significant reason for such interest is due to the importance of the CIP as complication of the septic shock and in patients with multiple organ failure, as much as responsible for the prolonging hospitalization in the Intensive Care Unit, as for the gradual reduction of the chance of survival. It has been suggested that the polyneuropathy is related with cytokines and other mediators which would increase the permeability of the vases, resulting in endoneural edema and causing the axonal injury. It is difficult to do the initial diagnostic, which, in general, are only possibly recognized when the sepsis complications or the multiple organs failure have been satisfactorily controlled. The diagnosis is made through the eletroneuromiography exam, and although there is still no effective drug treatment other than the control of the basic illness, it is consensus among multidisciplinary team that the development of the CIP does not have to be understood as a way to reduce the intensity of treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Spit of your prevalence, it is still unknown the mainly factors which are physiopathology associated as soon as your correct therapy.