Progression of internal carotid artery stenosis in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease.

OBJECTIVES: To study the risk factors and rate of progression of asymptomatic carotid stenosis in patients with peripheral arterial occlusive disease. METHODS: Between July 1999 and September 2003, we studied consecutive patients referred to a vascular laboratory for peripheral arterial occlusive disease who had not experienced neurologic symptoms within the previous 3 years. Carotid duplex ultrasound scan (DUS) was performed at baseline and at 6 to 12-month intervals. The internal carotid artery peak systolic velocity (PSV) was used to determine severity of carotid stenosis. Multilevel linear regression modeling (MLM) was used to identify the rate of progression and risk factors for progression. RESULTS: For 614 consecutive patients, median follow-up by DUS was 30 (2-42) months. Patients were 73 +/- 10-years-old, and 62% were men. Mean ankle-brachial index (ABI) was 0.79 +/- 0.24. The baseline prevalence of carotid stenosis >or=50% (PSV >or=125 cm/second) was 22%. During follow-up, ipsilateral amaurosis fugax, transient ischemic attacks, and strokes occurred in 3 (0.4%), 7 (1.1%), and 5 (0.8%) patients, respectively. Overall, there was little progression in carotid stenosis. Female gender, low ABI, and smoking were risk factors for progression of disease regardless of severity of carotid stenosis. Patients with >or=50% carotid stenosis were at greatest risk of progression if they continued smoking and were diabetic. Prediction models for progression of carotid stenosis given a baseline PSV and patient risk factors were constructed. CONCLUSION: There are few neurologic events in patients with asymptomatic carotid stenosis. The average rate of progression of stenosis over 2 years is not significant but greater in diabetic patients with baseline stenosis >50% who continue smoking. Rescreening by serial DUS should be limited to high-grade stenosis and follow-up performed at an interval of 1-2 years.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with clinically advanced peripheral vascular disease.

The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components among 100 patients with progressive peripheral arterial disease (PAD) referred for diagnostic angiography in preparation for a revascularization procedure. The prevalence of MetS was more than 95%. Diabetes mellitus was the most prevalent component followed by hypertension and low high-density lipoprotein. Almost half the patients aggregated in the highest metabolic score category. A direct relationship was identified between the number of MetS components and serum uric acid (P = .001) and C-reactive protein (P = .826), whereas an inverse relationship was seen between the clustering of components and androgen levels in men (P < .001). For PAD, which could have a benign clinical course, early screening for MetS might identify those at greater risk of failing conservative therapy and progressing to a more aggressive atherosclerotic disease typically associated with high morbidity and mortality.

Vascular injuries caused by orthopaedic screws. A case report.

OBJECTIVE: To describe 3 cases of vascular injuries due to orthopaedic procedures. CLINICAL PRESENTATION AND INTERVENTION: Of 242 vascular injuries, 3 were due to orthopaedic screws. The 1st patient presented with a late complication (after 3 years) of an orthopaedic screw placed in close proximity to the axillary artery that with time got eroded and leaked to form a false aneurysm which later caused embolisation to the arm and limb ischaemia. The 2nd and 3rd cases were due acute ischaemia following the orthopaedic procedures. Both were injuries to the popliteal artery, one after a long screw and the other after drilling the tibia. The aneurysm of the 1st case was resected, the screw was removed and a reversed segment of the right long saphenous vein was used to repair the axillary artery. In the 2nd patient, a bypass of the left popliteal artery to the tibio-peroneal trunk was performed using a reversed 12-cm-long saphenous vein graft retrieved from the right thigh. In the 3rd patient, the right popliteal vein was ligated, and a reversed 25-cm-long saphenous vein graft retrieved from the left thigh was used for a femoro-popliteal bypass. For the 3 patients, postoperative recovery was unremarkable. Pulses were present within 6-10 months of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Whenever limb vascularity is compromised after an orthopaedic procedure, a high index of suspicion for an arterial injury should be exercised and prompt referral to the vascular service is mandatory. Repair of injured vessels with a saphenous vein graft provides excellent long-term results.

Subclavian carotid transposition and bypass grafting: consecutive cohort study and systematic review.

PURPOSE: We describe outcomes in a cohort of patients undergoing subclavian carotid transposition (SCT) for occlusive disease of the first segment of the subclavian artery and perform a systematic review of the literature on SCT and carotid subclavian bypass grafting (CSB). METHODS: Relevance, validity and extraction of review results were done in duplicate. Data were collected prospectively in our consecutive cohort of patients. RESULTS: From September 1990 to February 2001, we performed 27 SCTs, four for aneurysmal disease and 23 for occlusive disease. SCTs done for aneurysms were excluded from the current analysis. In patients with occlusive disease, the primary indications for surgery were vertebrobasilar and carotid symptoms (10, 44%), vertebrobasilar insufficiency (7, 30%), vertebrobasilar and arm symptoms (4, 17%), carotid symptoms (1, 4%), and vertebrobasilar, carotid, and arm symptoms (1, 4%). An SCT was performed in conjunction with an endarterectomy of the carotid artery in 12 patients (52%), with an endarterectomy of the subclavian artery in seven patients (30%), and with an endarterectomy of the vertebral artery in six patients (26%). A lymph leak complicated two surgeries (9%). In our series, patients improved clinically after surgery, and reconstructions were all found to be patent by means of Doppler ultrasound scanning at a mean follow-up of 25 +/- 21 months. Three patients (13%) died during follow-up of complications of coronary artery disease. From 1966 to 2000, 516 patients who underwent CSB and 511 patients who underwent a SCT were reported in the literature. Patency rates were 84% and 98%, respectively (P <.0001; absolute risk reduction, 15%; number-needed-to-treat-differently, 7), and the rates of freedom from symptoms were 88% and 99%, respectively, at a mean follow-up of 59 +/- 17 months (range, 1-228 months). CONCLUSION: Our cohort study showed that SCT is safe and effective for reconstruction of the first segment of the subclavian artery. The systematic review suggested that rates of patency and freedom from clinical symptoms are higher with SCT than with CSB.