[Life expectancy for the regions of the Northwestern Federal District. Part 1: Dynamics of life expectancy at older ages.]

When studying the process of population ageing, much attention is invariably paid to mortality and its generalizing characteristic, life expectancy (LE). The dynamics of LE of men and women at older ages in the regions of the North-Western Federal District has been analyzed. It is shown that in all the regions considered, in all considered older ages, life expectancy decreased at the beginning of the reform period, then from the beginning of the 2000s it grew until 2019, after which it decreased. It has been shown that there are no principal differences between the male and female populations in the character of the dynamics of LE at older ages, but there is a significant gap in the value of life expectancy at older ages between them. It is shown that there are no fundamental differences in the dynamics of life expectancy at older ages between the regions considered. The largest decrease in LE at older ages after 2019 took place just in those regions where the largest increase in LE was observed in the period from the beginning of the 2000s to 2019. Both the relative increase and the relative decrease in life expectancy rise with age for both men and women.

[Effects of socio-economic factors on old-age mortality in Russia.]

Studies of old-age mortality are an important part of demography, especially the demography of ageing. Demographic development of Russia is characterized by heterogeneity including regional differences in mortality. The aim of the paper is to analyze the dependence of mortality at old-age groups on socio-economic indicators. The study is conducted using methods of regression analysis; the units of observation are the regions of the Russian Federation, the explained variable is the mortality rate of male (female) population at older (60+) ages standardized by the population-age structure. As a result, the significant socio-economic factors, explaining the differences of mortality rates in the regions of the Russian Federation, were identified.

[Contribution of older age groups to life expectancy changes in Russian megacities (the case of Moscow and Saint-Petersburg).]

Dynamics of life expectancy at birth (LE0) and at older ages has been analyzed and the contribution of older ages (60+) to the life expectancy changes has been estimated for greatest Russian megacities Moscow and Saint-Petersburg. The contributions of aggregated age groups to differences of LE0 values for Moscow and Saint-Petersburg have been studied. It has been found, in particular, that the increase in life expectancy at older ages makes a significant contribution to the LE0 growth.

[Demographic Aspects of Population Aging in Saint-Petersburg at the End of XX-the beginning of XXI Century. Part II. Prospective Aging Measures.]

The paper is the second part of the series of two articles on demographic aspects of population aging in Saint-Petersburg in 1990-2010/2014 compared to the situation in the Russian Federation as a whole. In the first part, the situation with population aging in Saint-Petersburg and Russia was considered based on traditional aging measures. In the second part, a number of prospective aging measures that take account of remaining life expectancy are studied, such as Prop. RLE 15 (proportion of population with remaining life expectancy 15 years or less), POADR (prospective old-age dependency ratio), population average remaining years of life (PARIL). Prospective aging indicators are compared with their traditional analogues. Gender imbalance of prospective aging measures has been considered.

[Demographic aspects of population aging in Saint-Petersburg at the end of XX-the beginning of XXI century. Part I. Conventional aging measures].

The paper represents the first part of the series of two articles on demographic aspects of population aging in Saint-Petersburg in 1990-2010 compared to the situation in the Russian Federation as a whole. In the first part, the situation with the population aging in Saint-Petersburg and Russia is considered based on traditional aging measures - the proportion of elderly in the total population, aging index, old age dependency rate and the parents support ratio. In the second part, a number of prospective aging indicators that take account of remaining life expectancy, will be studied. The analysis also includes the consideration of gender imbalance of aging indicators. Accelerating of population aging in Saint-Petersburg and Russia leads to a new demographic situation requiring a number of economic and socially oriented measures.

[Gender aspect of population aging in Russia].

Demographic aspects of gender differences in aging characteristics for Russian Federation and Saint-Petersburg, the greatest non-metropolitan Russian megalopolis, for the period 1990-2009 have been considered. Differences in the number and proportions of the elderly in the male and female populations, gender gap in life expectancies, gender differences in aging indicators which take account of remaining years of life have been examined. Results of the study demonstrate significant gender differences in aging characteristics. Gender imbalance should be taken into account when elaboration effective demographic, social and economic policies.