Hypertension prevalence in Iran's elderly according to new criteria: the Tehran Geriatric Eye Study.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of hypertension in a population above 60 years of age and its relationship with demographic and anthropometric factors. Methods: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in 2019. Using a multistage random cluster sampling, 160 clusters were selected from 22 districts of Tehran. All participants were interviewed to collect demographic, anthropometric, and socioeconomic information. Then, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were measured under standard conditions twice, 10 min apart. A third measurement was performed if the two measurements showed a difference of ≥ 10 mmHg in SBP or ≥ 5 mmHg in DBP. Hypertension was defined as a SBP > 130 mmHg or a DBP > 80 mmHg (new criteria), being a known case of hypertension, or use of blood pressure lowering medications. Results: Of 3791 invitees, 3310 participated in the study (87.3%). The mean age of the participants was 68.25 ± 6.54 years (60-97 years). The prevalence of hypertension was 81.08% (95% CI: 79.57-82.59) in the whole sample; 82.96% (95% CI: 81.02-84.91) in females, and 79.15% (95% CI: 76.6 -81.69) in males. The prevalence of hypertension ranged from 75.47% (95% CI: 72.65-78.29) in the age group 60-64 years to 88.40% (95% CI: 83.71-93.08) in the age group ≥ 80 years. The prevalence of hypertension unawareness was 32.84% (95% CI: 30.82-34.86). The highest and lowest prevalence of hypertension was seen in illiterate subjects (89.41%) and those with a university education (77.14%), respectively. According to the multiple logistic regression analysis, older age, lower education level, obesity and overweight, neck circumference, and diabetes were significantly associated with the prevalence of hypertension. Conclusion: A significant percentage of Iranian elderly have hypertension and one of every 3 affected individuals is unaware of their disease. Considering the population aging in Iran, urgent and special attention should be paid to the elderly population. Caring for the elderly, informing families, and using non-traditional screening methods are recommended by families at the first level and policymakers at the macro level.

The in vitro effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with toluidine blue and indocyanine green on microleakage of class V cavities.

INTRODUCTION: Considering the importance of disinfecting dentin and enamel after cavity preparation and the possible effect of disinfection methods on induction of various reactions in the tooth structure the aim of the present study was to evaluate microleakage of composite resin restoration after disinfecting the prepared dentin and enamel surface with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with toluidine blue (TBO) and indocyanine green (ICG). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Standard class V cavities were prepared on buccal surface of 71 human premolar teeth. The samples were randomly divided into 3 groups based on disinfection method: Group 1: conventional disinfection method with Phosphoric acid 37% as the control; Group 2: aPDT with TBO and diode laser with wavelength of 635 nm; Group 3: aPDT with ICG and diode laser with wavelength of 808 nm. All the cavities were restored with composite resin (3M™ Filtek™ Z250). After thermocycling and immersing in 0.5% basic fuchsin, the samples were prepared for microleakage evaluation under a stereomicroscope. Data was analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests at P < 0.05. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the microleakage of occlusal and gingival margins between the TBO and control groups (P > 0.05). Also, the microleackage of occlusal margins between groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05) but microleackage of gingival margins of ICG group was lower than two other groups in a meaningful way (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Photodynamic therapy with ICG as disinfecting agent in cavity preparations before composite resin restorations decreases the microleackage of gingival margins.

Effect of modified 45s5 bioglass on physical and chemical properties of bleached enamel

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate of the effects of modified 45S5 bioglass (BG) before, after, and during the bleaching procedure with 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) on the tooth colour change and physicochemical and morphological properties of human enamel. Methods: Forty-two human premolar enamel samples were prepared and randomly divided into six groups as G1: control (deionized distilled water for 20 min), G2: BG (Bioglass suspension for 20 min), G3: HP (hydrogen peroxide 35% for 20 min), G4: BG before HP (Bioglass suspension for 20 min followed by hydrogen peroxide 35%) , G5: BG after HP (hydrogen peroxide 35% followed by Bioglass suspension for 20 min), and G6: BG during HP (Bioglass in hydrogen peroxide 35% suspension for 20 min). The treatment procedure was performed on the whole enamel surface. Colorimetry was done before and after the treatment procedure. Two specimens from each group were selected for morphological analysis with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Microhardness analysis was performed after the treatment procedure and chemical analysis of BG dissolution was done for BG+DDW and BG+HP suspensions. Results: No statistically significant difference in colour was observed among different groups (P= 0.073133) and the yellowness index decreased in all of the four HP groups. The greatest reduction in microhardness occurred in groups HP and BG before HP (P<0.001) while the BG group showed increased microhardness measurements (P<0.001). Statically significant differences in microhardness were found among the groups. Elemental analysis showed significantly increased levels of Ca and P in BG after HP and BG before HP groups when compared to the HP group. Ionic release of BG was significantly greater in HP when compared to DDW. Conclusion: Using BG before HP had a greater protective effect since it increased microhardness more effectively, decreased mineral loss, and retained the integrity of the enamel surface. The HP group had the lowest microhardness and BG during HP showed less protective effects compared to BG before HP

Efficacy of Modified Bioactive Glass for Dentin Remineralization and Obstruction of Dentinal Tubules.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the efficacy of modified bioactive glass (MBG) for dentin remineralization and obstruction of dentinal tubules. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-six dentin discs were made from 20 third molars and were stored in 12% lactic acid solution for two weeks to induce demineralization. The samples were divided into three groups (n=12): 1- BG, 2- BG modified with 5% strontium (Sr) and 3- BG modified with 10% Sr. After applying the BG, the samples were stored in artificial saliva for 7, 14 and 21 days. Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Energy-Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis were used to assess remineralization. Also, 6 dentin discs were divided into three groups of BG, BG modified with 5% Sr and BG modified with 10% Sr, to examine tubular occlusion. The discs were etched using 0.5M of EDTA for two minutes and were stored in artificial saliva for 7 days. Changes in dentin surface morphology were evaluated under SEM. RESULTS: Group 3 showed high rates of remineralization at days 7 and 14, although the rate decreased at day 21. Group 2 exhibited high rates of remineralization at days 7, 14 and 21. Dentinal tubules were partially occluded by BG and BG modified with 5% Sr, while they were almost completely obstructed after the use of BG modified with 10% Sr. CONCLUSIONS: Strontium increases remineralization. Addition of 10% Sr to BG enhances apatite formation; however, the apatite dissolves over time. Addition of 5% Sr to BG stabilizes the apatite lattice and increases the remineralization.

Antimicrobial and bond strength properties of a dental adhesive containing zinc oxide nanoparticles

Aim: To assess the effect of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles to dental adhesives on their antimicrobialand bond strength properties. Methods: 45 human premolars were cut at the cementenamel junction (CEJ) and the crowns were sliced into buccal and lingual halves. The specimenswere classified into three groups, etched with 37% phosphoric acid for 15 s and rinsed for 30 s.Single Bond, Single Bond+5% zinc oxide and Single Bond+10% zinc oxide were used in the first,second and third groups. A cylinder of Z250 composite was bonded and cured for 40 s. For antibacterialtesting, 10 samples of each group were assessed by direct contact test; 10 ìL of bacterialsuspension was transferred into tubes containing adhesives and incubated for one hour; 300 ìL ofbrain heart infusion (BHI) broth was added to each tube and after 12 h, 50 ìL of bacteria and brothwere spread on blood agar plates and incubated for 24 h. Results: The colony count decreasedsignificantly in the second and third groups compared to the first. Conclusions: Incorporation ofzinc oxide nanoparticles into dental adhesives increases their anti-microbial properties withoutaffecting their bond strength.

Effect of accelerated aging on the color and opacity of resin cements.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM: The color stability of resin cements plays a major role in the esthetic performance of porcelain laminate veneers. Some dual-polymerizable resin cements used to bond porcelain laminates were shown to undergo color changes during service. Some recently produced cements are described as being color stable, but scientific data are not available. PURPOSE: The current study evaluated the effect of accelerated aging on the color and opacity of resin cements. The hypothesis was that the auto-polymerizing cements would show less color and opacity stability. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty (0.7 x 18 mm) feldspathic porcelain disks were prepared and divided into four equal groups. The resin cements were bonded to the disks by application of an identical load of 2.5 kilograms, and they were polymerized according to the manufacturer's instructions. The groups were: Variolink Veneer (light-polymerizing), Variolink II (light-polymerizing), Variolink II (dual-polymerizing) and Multilink (auto-polymerizing). A spectrophotometer was used to measure the following color parameters in the CIE L*a*b* color space on a black and white background: deltaa*, deltab*, deltaL*, deltaC, deltaH, deltaE and deltaCR (contrast ratio). The measurements were performed before and after aging. Paired t- and one-way ANOVA tests were used to analyze the data (alpha = .05). RESULTS: None of the groups showed significant differences in deltaE before and after aging (p > .05); deltaE remained in the range of clinical acceptance (deltaE < 3.3). All of the cements became more opaque, while deltaCR (difference in contrast ratio) was significantly different (p = .004). The auto-polymerized cement showed an increase in opacity. CONCLUSIONS: The studied cements behaved acceptably according to deltaE, but they became more opaque after aging. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: The studied cements can ensure color stability when used to cement porcelain laminate veneers, but the change in opacity can affect clinical results. Auto polymerizing cements become more opaque with aging; therefore, porcelain restorations may lose their match with other teeth.