Neurological outcomes of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest occurring in Tokyo train and subway stations.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to identify a relationship between the background environment, bystander and emergency medical services intervention, and favourable neurological outcomes (CPC1-2) one-month after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) occurred at Tokyo train and subway stations. METHODS: This retrospective observational study used OHCA data between 2014 and 2018 that occurred at train stations in Tokyo. The eligible 954 patients were analysed for correlation between background, time frame, and location. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate factors associated with CPC1-2 in patients with cardiogenic OHCA. RESULTS: A total of 886 OHCA cases, cardiogenic (n=562) and non-cardiogenic (n=324), met the inclusion criteria. Of the cardiogenic cases, 71.9% occurred at the platform and on-a-train. One-month CPC1-2 was achieved in 32.0% of cardiogenic OHCAs, which included 47.3% during morning rush hour, 24.7% during daytime hours, 40.2% during evening rush hour, and 20.5% during night-time/early morning hours. CPC1-2 had significant correlation with morning rush hour (adjusted odds ratio [AOR],4.52; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-18.78), evening rush hour (AOR, 6.85; 95% CI, 1.51-31.15), public access defibrillation (AOR, 5.19; 95% CI, 1.38-19.51), and ventricular fibrillation or pulseless ventricular tachycardia (AOR, 7.56; 95% CI, 1.35-42.43). CONCLUSION: A total of 71.9% of cardiogenic OHCAs occurred at platforms and on trains. To improve neurological outcomes of OHCAs at stations, AED installations on train platforms are necessary. Additionally, using artificial intelligence-based platform monitoring for early detection of OHCAs and offering CPR training are required.

Sustaining improvement of dispatcher-assisted cardiopulmonary resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients in Japan: An observational study.

OBJECTIVES: We aimed to estimate the relationship between the promotion of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with dispatcher-assistance over time and good cerebral function after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study, using a nationwide OHCA database in Japan. The eligible 267,193 witnessed cardiogenic OHCA patients between 2005 and 2016 were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression models were performed to estimate the effect of dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR per year. In addition, we calculated the number of patients with good cerebral function, which was attributed to dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR. RESULTS: Dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR was performed to 84,076 (31.5%), those without dispatcher-assistance were 48,389 (18.1%), and non-bystander CPR were 134,728 (50.4%). The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR vs. non-bystander CPR was significantly related to good cerebral function, regardless of the year (AOR, 1.47, 1.62; 95%CI, 1.19-1.80, 1.42-1.85, 2005 and 2016, respectively). The association of dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR with good cerebral function tended to increase (AOR, 1.11, 2.97; 95%CI, 0.99-1.24, 2.69-3.28, 2006 and 2016, based on 2005, respectively). Estimating the number of patients with good cerebral function who attributed to dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR was a significant increase from 41 in 2005 to 580 in 2016 (p < .0001, r = 0.98). Furthermore, chest compression consistently contributed to higher number of patients with good cerebral function than that with a combination of chest compression and shock with public-access-defibrillation. CONCLUSION: We found that the increased dispatcher-assisted bystander CPR rate was related to good cerebral function at 1-month post OHCA. Chest compression without public-access-defibrillation was most helpful to that number, explaining the effects of dispatcher-assistance and sustaining improvement.

Effects of repeated epinephrine administration and administer timing on witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

BACKGROUND: Repeated administration of epinephrine is associated with unfavorable cerebral outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (OHCA), but the timing of epinephrine administration has not been considered. AIM: The aim of the study was to analyze the effects of repeated epinephrine administration after OHCA on favorable cerebral function coded by cerebral performance categories (CPC 1-2). METHODS: A nationwide, retrospective, population-based observational study was conducted by using Utstein-style data between 2010 and 2012 in Japan. The total of 11,876 cardiogenic and witnessed OHCA were stratified into 3 categories by the number of times epinephrine was administered (single, double, and three or more). In addition, the time elapsed between the emergency call and the initial epinephrine administration was divided into 3 time intervals (5 to 20min for the early administration group [EAG], 21 to 26min for the intermediate administration group [IAG], and 27 to 60min for the late administration group [LAG]). The primary endpoint was CPC 1-2 at 1month after cardiac arrest. A multivariable logistic regression was used for analysis. RESULTS: Achievement of CPC 1-2 at 1month was 4.8% for single, 2.4% for double, and 1.7% for three or more administered doses. For single and three or more administrations, CPC 1-2 was significantly higher in the IAG than in the LAG (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 3.54, 3.02; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.04-6.39, 1.16-9.43, for single and three or more administrations, respectively). The EAG showed significantly higher achievement of CPC 1-2 in all the epinephrine administration groups (AOR, 9.26, 7.57, 4.07; 95% CI, 5.44-16.59, 3.39-19.60, 1.59-12.69, for single, double, and three or more administrations, respectively). CONCLUSION: Repeated epinephrine administration improved CPC 1-2 outcome when epinephrine was administrated within 20min after an emergency call for witnessed cardiogenic OHCA.

Quick epinephrine administration induces favorable neurological outcomes in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

OBJECTIVE: This research is to study if quick administration of adrenaline on OHCA prior to hospitalization has an effect on improving CPC1-2 at one month. METHODOLOGY: A total 13,326 cases were extracted from 2011 to 2014 Utstein data for this retrospective cohort study, also, EMT reached the patients within 16min after 119 called and adrenaline was then administered within 22min of after contact. PATIENTS DIVIDED INTO TWO GROUPS: Patients were contacted within 8min of the 119 call (n=6956), and were contacted between 8 and 16min after the call (n=6370). Further divided into groups in which the adrenaline was administered within/without 10min after contact. Primary outcome was the rate of a good prognosis for cerebral performance (CPC1-2) at 1 month and secondary outcome was the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) rate. RESULTS: The odds ratio of the CPC1-2 at 1month by the EMS reached within 8min after 119 call and then adrenaline administered within 10min was 2.12 (1.54-2.92).Those reached between 8 and 16min was 2.66 (1.97-3.59). However, the ROSC rate was 2.00 (1.79-2.25) for those reached within 8min and also 2.00 (1.79-2.25) for those reached between 8min and 16min. CONSIDERATIONS: In cases of OHCA, it appears that the CPC1-2 rate after 1month can be improved even in cases where the victim is reached >8min after the 119 call, as long as the victim is reached within 16min and emergency responders administer the adrenaline as quickly as possible.

Favorable neurological outcomes by early epinephrine administration within 19 minutes after EMS call for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the time-independent effect of the early administration of epinephrine (EPI) on favorable neurological outcome (as CPC [cerebral performance category] 1-2) at 1 month in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 119 639 witnessed cardiac arrest patients from 2008 to 2012 were eligible for this nationwide, prospective, population-based observational study. Patients were divided into EPI group (n = 20 420) and non-EPI group (n = 99 219). To determine the time-dependent effects of EPI, EPI-administered patients were divided into 4 groups as follows: early EPI (5-18 min), intermediate EPI (19-23 min), late EPI (24-29 min), and very late EPI (30-62 min), respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses and adjusted odds ratios (AORs) were determined for CPC 1-2 at 1 month (primary outcome) and field return of spontaneous circulation (as secondary outcome) among the groups. RESULTS: The EPI and non-EPI group had identical background, but EPI group shows higher incidence public access defibrillation and emergency medical technician defibrillation delivered than the non-EPI group. The differences were clinically negligible. Higher return of spontaneous circulation rate (18.0%) and lower CPC 1-2 (2.9%) shown in the EPI group than in the non-EPI group (9.4% and 5.2%). In the time dependent analysis, CPC 1 to 2 was greatest in the early EPI group (AOR, 2.49; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.90-3.27), followed by the intermediate EPI group (AOR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.14-2.05) then the late EPI group (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.47-1.08) as reference. CONCLUSION: Early EPI administration within 19 minutes after emergency medical service call independently improved the neurological outcome compared with late EPI (24-29 minutes) administration in patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest.