The assessment of Golden proportion in primary dentition.

BACKGROUND: Golden proportion is a constant ratio that exists in nature, responsible for the esthetic appeal of parts in the human body. The study was aimed to assess the existence of golden proportion in primary dentition by evaluating the average width and height ratio of maxillary anterior teeth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 200 children comprising equal number of males and females aged 3-7 years with all deciduous teeth present were randomly selected. Each participant was photographed with head upright and occlusal plane parallel to floor. Distance between the participant and camera was fixed at a working distance of 60 cm. The digital images were analyzed using imaging software (Adobe V7), the perceived widths of maxillary laterals were divided by widths of central incisor and that of canines were divided by perceived widths of lateral incisor. Maxillary arch impressions were made and casts prepared. Measurement of each anterior tooth was done using digital calipers. The measured width of lateral incisor was divided by width of central incisor and that of canine was divided by measured width of lateral incisor. Perceived and measured widths were tabulated separately. RESULTS: The mean measured lateral incisor-to-central incisor ratio was 0.80. The mean measured canine-to-lateral incisor ratio was 1.32. The mean perceived lateral incisor-to-central incisor ratio was 0.75. The mean perceived canine-to-lateral incisor ratio was 0.90. The mean measured width-to-height ratio of central incisors was 1.14. The mean perceived width-to-height of central incisors ratio was 1.08. No significant statistical difference was observed between measured widths, perceived widths, measured width-to-height ratio, and perceived width-to-height ratios for both the sexes. There was strong correlation between these ratios and golden ratio (0.62). CONCLUSION: The study revealed that the golden proportion was inconsistent in terms of relative tooth width in primary dentition.

Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study.

INTRODUCTION: Saliva is vital for oral health and helps to maintain oral homeostasis. It may show qualitative and quantitative variations owing to any changes in the systemic health. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease and the individuals may be at higher risk for oral health problems. OBJECTIVE: The study was aimed to estimate the levels of various salivary components among diabetic and nondiabetic children with similar caries status and also to analyze possible association between caries status and possible caries determinants in the saliva of diabetic children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 70 children in the age group of 6 to 13 years with minimal dental caries (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth index (DMFT/dmft >1 and <5)) were selected. Group I comprised of type I diabetic children and on medication for diabetes and group II included healthy nondiabetic children. Salivary samples were collected from the participants by passive drool method and estimation of all salivary parameters was done using autoanalyzer. RESULTS: Statistical analyses were done using Student's t-test and results are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). There was a highly significant difference in mean glucose value between diabetic and nondiabetic children. Levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and salivary immunoglobulin A (s-IgA) did not show any significant difference between the two groups. There was also a statistically significant difference in the alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels, which was found to be higher in diabetics. CONCLUSION: An elevation in the levels of salivary glucose and AP was evident in diabetic children, which can be a risk marker for dental caries. There was no correlation in the levels of salivary calcium, phosphorus, and s-IgA levels among diabetic and healthy children. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The salivary factors evaluated in the study may prove to be useful measures of caries experience in diabetic children.How to cite this article: Uppu K, Sahana S, Madu GP, Vasa AAK, Nalluri S, Raghavendra KJ. Estimation of Salivary Glucose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Alkaline Phosphatase, and Immunoglobulin A among Diabetic and Nondiabetic Children: A Case-Control Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018;11(2):71-78.

Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in Children of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India: An Epidemiological Study.

AIM: To determine the prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC) and its risk factors in children of West Godavari district, Andhra Pradesh. STUDY DESIGN: A sample of 1,897 children between 24 and 71 months of age based on stratified cluster random sampling were clinically examined for dental caries using mouth mirror under day light. The parents/caregivers of each child were interviewed with a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using independent sample Student's t-test and chi-square test. RESULTS: Out of the total 1,897 children, 796 were affected with ECC showing an overall prevalence of 41.9%, with boys showing a higher prevalence rate of 44.8% compared to girls (39.9%). Statistically significant correlations were found between ECC and consumption of sugary snacks (p < 0.0001) and mouth rinsing habit (p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of ECC was observed and most of the teeth were not restored. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Koya S, Ravichandra KS, Arunkumar VA, Sahana S, Pushpalatha HM. Prevalence of Early Childhood Caries in Children of West Godavari District, Andhra Pradesh, South India: An Epidemiological Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2016;9(3):251-255.

A Comparison of the Effectiveness of Oral Midazolam -N2O Versus Oral Ketamine - N2O in Pediatric Patients-An in-Vivo Study.

INTRODUCTION: Most children are casual and moderately agreeable in the dental treatment environment, however some of them show practices that upset the professional and make the protected conveyance of worthy treatment extremely troublesome. For such cases dental practitioner utilizes behavior management techniques. At the point when behavioral administration procedures come up short, some type of pharmacologic sedation or anesthesia may be an important and vital option. Dental sedation is a strategy in which the utilization of a medication or drugs produce(s) a condition of depression of the central sensory system empowering treatment to be completed during which verbal contact with the patient is kept up all through the time of sedation. AIM: This study was designed to evaluate and compare the effectiveness of oral midazolam and oral ketamine in combination with N2O-O2 in children undergoing dental treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study involved a sample of 30 pediatric dental patients (age range is 3-9 years), whose selection criteria included ASA I & II health status, cooperative but apprehensive behavior and a need for multiple dental extractions. The patients were assigned to receive oral midazolam on their first visit and on the follow up visit they received oral ketamine. Nitrous oxide (30%) was used during each sedation visit. Physiological parameters like Respiratory Rate (RR), pulse rate, and oxygen saturation were evaluated for each procedure, followed by the use of modified Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test to evaluate psychomotor effects. Data were analyzed using Independent sample student t -test. RESULTS: Analysis of the data showed statistically no significant difference (p >0.05) on comparison of effectiveness of oral midazolam-N2O with oral ketamine-N2O when pulse rate, oxygen saturation and respiratory rate were taken into consideration. Psychomotor performance was found to be marginally better with oral midazolam-N2O compared to oral ketamine-N2O. CONCLUSION: Both the drugs were effective in reducing the patient anxiety while undergoing dental extractions. Though the t-test results were not statistically significant with respect to physiological parameters. Oral midazolam-N2O showed marginally better results compared to oral ketamine-N2O with respect to psychomotor effects.

Effectiveness of chemomechanical caries removal agents Papacarie(®) and Carie-Care™ in primary molars: An in vitro study.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The chemomechanical caries removal system is made presently available containing a natural proteolytic enzyme for ease in the excavation of infected dentin. The aim of the study was to evaluate the efficacy and efficiency of caries removal using Papacarie(®) and Carie-Care™. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 30 extracted deciduous molars with proximal caries were collected, and each tooth was sectioned mesiodistally in the center of the carious lesion so that the two halves (buccal and lingual or palatal) have similar carious lesions, thus 30 teeth yielded 60 specimens. The specimens from each tooth were divided alternatively into two groups for caries excavation either using Papacarie(®) or Carie-Care™ so as to avoid selection bias. Paired t-test was used to compare mean time taken for caries removal and Fischer's exact test was done for comparing bacterial remnants after caries excavation. RESULTS: Mean time taken for caries removal was significantly higher for Carie-Care™ (427.13 s) when compared to Papacarie(®) (385.8 s). Papacarie(®) was found to be significantly more efficient in caries removal with marked reduction in the bacterial remnants following excavation. However, both gels were found to be conservative as dentinal tubule destruction was not evident in either of them. CONCLUSION: Both Papacarie(®) and Carie-Care™ were found to be conservative in caries removal. Papacarie(®) was more efficient in removing bacteria in lesser time from the infected carious lesion.