Unusual Complication of Multidrug Resistant Tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: Capreomycin is a second-line drug often used for multidrug-resistant tuberculosis which can result in nephrotoxic effects similar to other aminoglycosides. We describe a case of capreomycin induced Bartter-like syndrome with hypocalcemic tetany. CASE REPORT: 23-year-old female patient presented with carpopedal spasms and tingling sensations in hands. Patient was being treated with capreomycin for two months for tuberculosis. On further investigation, hypocalcemia, hyponatremia, hypomagnesemia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis were noted. Vitamin D and serum PTH levels were within normal limits. Hypercalciuria was confirmed by urine calcium/creatinine ratio. Calcium, potassium, and magnesium supplementation was given and capreomycin was discontinued. Electrolytes normalized in two days after cessation of capreomycin with no further abnormalities on repeat investigations. DISCUSSION: Aminoglycosides can result in renal tubular dysfunction leading to Fanconi syndrome, Bartter syndrome, and distal tubular acidosis. Impaired mitochondrial function in the tubular cells has been hypothesized as the possible cause of these tubulopathies. Acquired Bartter-like syndrome phenotypically resembles autosomal dominant type 5 Bartter syndrome. Treatment consists of correction of electrolyte abnormalities, indomethacin, and potassium-sparing diuretics. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of severe dyselectrolytemia are warranted in patients on aminoglycoside therapy.

A Study of Clinical Profile of Patients presenting with Complications of Acute Febrile Illnesses During Monsoon.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to describe clinico-laboratory profile and outcome of complicated acute febrile illnesses among inpatients in a tertiary care hospital during monsoon. METHODS: This was an observational, prospective study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai, India. Between July 2016 to October 2016, adult patients admitted to the hospital with complicated acute febrile illness were included. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected and analyzed for each patient. Associations were sought between death and organ specific complications. RESULTS: Out of 276 patients enrolled male gender 187(67.8%) and age group of below 35 years comprised the larger proportion of the cases with total 115(63.2%) dengue,37(80.4%) leptospirosis, 25(69.4%) malaria cases. The most common symptoms reported amongst the enrolled patients included generalized body ache (85.9%), headache (77.4%), vomiting (73.4%), abdominal pain (50%), high coloured urine (34.2%), and breathlessness (32.1%), loose motion (25.1%) and altered Sensorium (8.8%). Clinical signs seen and significantly associated were pedal edema 14.5% (P=0.001), icterus 20.7%(P=0.0001) and tachypnoea 19.4%(P =0.001). Most common complication of dengue was shock (70.9%) followed by hepatic (66.5%) and haematological (65%) derangements, that of malaria was CNS involvement (29.4%), and for leptospirosis it was renal failure (45.9%) followed by respiratory distress (22.3%). Overall mortality in Dengue was 7(3.8%), malaria 2(5.6%), leptospirosis 15(32.6%), Hepatitis E 2(50%). CONCLUSION: The similarity in clinical presentation and diversity of etiological agents demonstrates the complexity of diagnosis and treatment of acute febrile illness. This study of clinico-laboratory profile of complicated febrile monsoon illnesses will be helpful to reduce mortality associated with monsoon illnesses by early referral and prompt treatment. Dengue and leptospirosis remain the commonest etiologies and major killer due to respiratory and renal involvements.

Heterozygous MTHFR A1298C Mutation causing Cerebral Venous Sinus Thrombosis.

A 21 year college student came with a history of generalized tonic-clonic seizures. MR Venography revealed the presence of left sigmoid and transverse sinus thrombosis with secondary venous hemorrhagic infarcts. After thorough investigation into cause of thrombosis patient was found to have a heterozygous MTHFR A1298C mutation which was causing cerebral venous sinus thrombosis.

Leukemoid reaction, a rare manifestation of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a case of small duct primary sclerosing cholangitis.

A 48 year old lady presented with jaundice and exertional breathlesness. Her laboratory reports showed anaemia, reticulocytosis, leucocytosis, elevated Lactate Dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase levels, hyperbillirubinemia and positive direct Coomb's test. After ruling out all the other causes of autoimmunity and hemolytic anemia, she was diagnosed as leukemoid reaction due to autoimmune hemolytic anemia with primary sclerosing cholangitis. Patient showed immediate improvement after corticosteroids.