RESUMO
Two markers on Chromosome 2 of chickpea (Cicer arietinum ) are reportedly associated with resistance to race 4 Fusarium wilt, and are frequently used in breeding. However, the genes in this region that actually confer wilt resistance are unknown. We aimed to characterise them using both in silico approaches and marker trait association (MTA) analysis. Of the 225 protein-encoding genes in this region, 51 showed significant differential expression in two contrasting chickpea genotypes under wilt, with potential involvement in stress response. From a diverse set of 244 chickpea genotypes, two sets of 40 resistant and 40 susceptible genotypes were selected based on disease incidence and amplification pattern of the TA59 marker. All cultivars were further genotyped with 1238 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) specific to the 51 genes; only seven SNPs were significantly correlated with disease. SNP Ca2_24099002, specific to the LOC101498008 (Transmembrane protein 87A) gene, accounted for the highest phenotypic variance for disease incidence at 16.30%, whereas SNPs Ca2_25166118 and Ca2_27029215, specific to the LOC101494644 (ß-glucosidase BoGH3B-like) and LOC101505289 (Putative tRNA pseudouridine synthase) genes, explained 10.51% and 10.50% of the variation, respectively, in the sets with contrasting disease susceptibility. Together with the TA59 and TR19 markers, these SNPs can be used in a chickpea breeding scheme to develop wilt resistance.
Assuntos
Cicer , Resistência à Doença , Fusarium , Doenças das Plantas , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Cicer/genética , Cicer/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Doenças das Plantas/imunologia , Resistência à Doença/genética , Cromossomos de Plantas/genética , Genótipo , Genes de PlantasRESUMO
Fusarium wilt, caused by (Fusarium udum Butler), is a significant threat to pigeonpea crops worldwide, leading to substantial yield losses. Traditional approaches like fungicides and resistant cultivars are not practical due to the persistent and evolving nature of the pathogen. Therefore, native biocontrol agents are considered to be more sustainable solution, as they adapt well to local soil and climatic conditions. In this study, five isolates of F. udum infecting pigeonpea were isolated from various cultivars and characterized morphologically and molecularly. The isolate from the ICP 8858 cultivar displayed the highest virulence of 90%. Besides, 100 endophytic bacteria, 100 rhizosphere bacteria and three Trichoderma spp. were isolated and tested against F. udum isolated from ICP 8858 under in vitro conditions. Out of the 200 bacteria tested, nine showed highest inhibition, including Rb-4 (Bacillus sp.), Rb-11 (B. subtilis), Rb-14 (B. megaterium), Rb-18 (B. subtilis), Rb-19 (B. velezensis), Eb-8 (Bacillus sp.), Eb-11 (B. subtilis), Eb-13 (P. aeruginosa), and Eb-21 (P. aeruginosa). Similarly, Trichoderma spp. were identified as T. harzianum, T. asperellum and Trichoderma sp. Notably, Rb-18 (B. subtilis) and Eb-21 (P. aeruginosa) exhibited promising characteristics such as the production of hydrogen cyanide (HCN), cellulase, siderophores, ammonia and nutrient solubilization. Furthermore, treating pigeonpea seedlings with these beneficial microorganisms led to increased levels of key enzymes (POD, PPO, and PAL) associated with resistance to Fusarium wilt, compared to untreated controls. In field trials conducted for four seasons, the application of these potential biocontrol agents as seed treatments on the susceptible ICP2376 cultivar led to the lowest disease incidence. Specifically, treatments T2 (33.33) (P. aeruginosa) and T3 (35.41) (T. harzianium) exhibited the lowest disease incidence, followed by T6 (36.5) (Carbendizim), T1 (36.66) (B. subtilis), T4 (52.91) (T. asperellum) and T5 (53.33) (Trichoderma sp.). Results of this study revealed that, P. aeruginosa (Eb-21), B. subtilis (Rb-18) and T. harzianum can be used for plant growth promotion and management of Fusarium wilt of pigeonpea.
Assuntos
Cajanus , Fusarium , Doenças das Plantas , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Cajanus/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Doenças das Plantas/prevenção & controle , Agentes de Controle Biológico , Trichoderma/fisiologia , Rizosfera , Microbiologia do Solo , Controle Biológico de Vetores/métodosRESUMO
In a study conducted in India, 50 Fusarium isolates were collected from pigeonpea growing regions and extensively examined for their cultural and morphological characteristics. These isolates exhibited significant variations in traits including growth rate, mycelial growth patterns, color, zonation, pigmentation, spore size, and septation. Subsequently, 30 isolates were chosen for pathogenicity testing on eight pigeonpea genotypes. Results showed distinct reactions, with four genotypes displaying differential responses (ICP8858, ICP8859, ICP8862, and BDN-2), while ICP9174 and ICP8863 consistently exhibited resistance and ICP2376 and BAHAR remained susceptible to wilt disease. To study the interaction between Fusarium isolates and pigeonpea host differentials (HDs), an additive main effects and multiplicative interaction analysis was conducted. The majority of disease incidence variation (75.54%) was attributed to HD effects, while Fusarium isolate effects accounted for only 1.99%. The interaction between Isolates and HDs (I × HD) contributed 21.95% to the total variation, being smaller than HD but larger than I. Based on HD reactions, isolates were classified into nine variants, showing varying distributions across pigeonpea growing states, with variants 2 and 3 being prevalent in several regions. This diversity underscores the need for location-specific wilt-resistant pigeonpea cultivars. Furthermore, genetic analysis of 23 representative isolates, through internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA and translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequencing, revealed three major clusters: Fusarium udum, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium equiseti. These findings hold potential for developing location-specific wilt-resistant pigeonpea cultivars and enhancing disease management strategies.
Assuntos
Cajanus , Fusarium , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Doenças das Plantas , Fusarium/genética , Fusarium/isolamento & purificação , Fusarium/classificação , Fusarium/patogenicidade , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Índia , Cajanus/microbiologia , Filogenia , DNA Fúngico/genéticaRESUMO
Several phytopathogens have detrimental effects on crop production and productivity potentially threatening global food security. Studying the genetic mechanisms of virulence in phytopathogens is vital to assist in their management. Genome editing tools are paving their fascinating roles from the first-generation site-specific nucleases ZNF and TALEN to the current generation clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein9. The discovery of CRISPR/Cas9 has revolutionised the understanding of resistance as well as the susceptibility mechanism against phytopathogens in crop plants. This emerging tool allows researchers to perform precise genome manipulation, genetic screening, regulation, and correction to develop resistance in crop plants with fewer off-target effects. It provides a new opportunity for disease improvement and strengthens the resistant breeding programme. CRISPR/Cas9-based targeted gene manipulation and its enormous application potential as well as the challenges for developing transgene-free disease-resistant crop plants have been discussed in this review.
Assuntos
Sistemas CRISPR-Cas , Edição de Genes , Sistemas CRISPR-Cas/genética , Resistência à Doença/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , Produtos Agrícolas/genética , Plantas Geneticamente Modificadas/genética , Genoma de Planta/genéticaRESUMO
As a resource allocation strategy, plant growth and defense responses are generally mutually antagonistic. Brassinosteroid (BR) regulates many aspects of plant development and stress responses, however, genetic evidence of its integrated effects on plant growth and stress tolerance is lacking. We overexpressed the Arabidopsis BR biosynthetic gene AtDWF4 in the oilseed plant Brassica napus and scored growth and stress response phenotypes. The transgenic B. napus plants, in comparison to wild type, displayed increased seed yield leading to increased overall oil content per plant, higher root biomass and root length, significantly better tolerance to dehydration and heat stress, and enhanced resistance to necrotrophic fungal pathogens Leptosphaeria maculans and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Transcriptome analysis supported the integrated effects of BR on growth and stress responses; in addition to BR responses associated with growth, a predominant plant defense signature, likely mediated by BES1/BZR1, was evident in the transgenic plants. These results establish that BR can interactively and simultaneously enhance abiotic and biotic stress tolerance and plant productivity. The ability to confer pleiotropic beneficial effects that are associated with different agronomic traits suggests that BR-related genes may be important targets for simultaneously increasing plant productivity and performance under stress conditions.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Arabidopsis/genética , Brassica napus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Adaptação Fisiológica , Arabidopsis/genética , Proteínas de Arabidopsis/biossíntese , Ascomicetos/fisiologia , Vias Biossintéticas , Brassica napus/genética , Brassica napus/metabolismo , Brassinosteroides/biossíntese , Sistema Enzimático do Citocromo P-450/biossíntese , Desidratação/genética , Desidratação/metabolismo , Resistência à Doença , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Genes de Plantas , Melhoramento Genético , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Óleos de Plantas/metabolismo , Raízes de Plantas/genética , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Raízes de Plantas/metabolismo , Brotos de Planta/genética , Brotos de Planta/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Brotos de Planta/metabolismo , Sementes/genética , Sementes/metabolismo , TranscriptomaRESUMO
Crude extracts and active principles from medicinal plants have shown potential role in controlling plant diseases in glasshouses as well as in fields as one of the safest and ecofriendly methods. The effect of nor-securinine (an alkaloid) isolated from Phyllanthus amarus has been seen against spore germination of some fungi (Alternaria brassicae, A. solani, Curvularia pennisetti, Curvularia sp., Erysiphe pisi, Helminthosporium frumentacei) as well as pea powdery mildew (Erysiphe pisi) under glasshouse conditions. The sensitivity of fungi to nor-securinine varied considerably. Nor-securinine was effective against most of the fungi. H. frumentacei was more sensitive even at the lowest concentration (1,000 µg/ml). Likewise conidia of E. pisi were also inhibited in partially or completely appressorium formation. Pre-inoculation treatment showed greater efficacy than post-inoculation in inhibiting powdery mildew development on pea plants in a glasshouse. Maximum inhibition occurred at 2000 µg/ml.