RESUMO
Background: Naswar, a smokeless tobacco product, commonly consumed in Pakistan, is associated with a 10-fold increase in the risk of oral cancer. However, little is known about Naswar's underlying toxicity mechanisms. Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the effects of Naswar use on oral health and salivary parameters. Methods: A case-control study was conducted among Naswar users (n=42) and age-matched healthy controls (n=42) in Pakistan in 2019. Participant data were collected using questionnaires. Decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores were computed during clinical examinations. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected to assess salivary flow rate, pH, and salivary total oxidative stress (TOS)/total antioxidant capacity (TAC) using commercially available kits. Participants' oral health parameters were compared between cases and controls using ANOVA. Results: No significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of age, oral health, and hygiene practices and mean DMFT score. Mean salivary pH and the salivary flow rate was significantly (p<0.001) higher in Naswar users (7.7 and 0.71 mL/minute, respectively) than in non-users (6.95 and 0.52 mL/minute, respectively). Although TOS and TAC were not significantly different between the groups, Naswar users generally had a higher TOS (51.6±42 µmol/L) and lower TAC (0.55±0.18 mmol/L) than non-users (TOS 45.5±38.2 µmol/L and TAC 0.57±0.17 mmol/L). Correlational analysis also revealed a significant positive correlation between DMFT score and Naswar use duration (r=0.796, p<0.001) and the number of dips/units consumed each day (r=0.515; p<0.001). Conclusion: Habitual Naswar use is associated with increased salivary flow rate, pH, and TOS, and reduced TAC levels in Pakistani adults compared to non-users. The pro-oxidant changes may contribute toward deleterious effects of Naswar use including oral cancer.
RESUMO
Extensive pesticides (herbicides) use is negatively disturbing the environment and humans. Pesticide bioremediation with eco-friendly techniques bears prime importance. This study aimed to isolate and characterize three different herbicides (metribuzin, clodinafop- propargyl, MCPA (2-methyl, 4 chlorophenoxyacetic acids) and Bromoxynil) degrading bacterial strains from agricultural fields of Punjab University, Pakistan. Among the 12 bacterial isolates, 5 were metribuzin degrading, 3 were clodinafop propargyl degrading and, 4 were MCPA and Bromoxynil degrading bacteria. Morphological, microscopic, and molecular characterization revealed that the majority of these bacterial strains were gram-negative and belonged to Bacillus and Pseudomonas genera. The isolates A6, B3, and C1 were subjected to respective herbicide degradation and the data was confirmed through GC-MS analysis. The effect of herbicide concentrations, pH, and temperature on bacterial growth was determined at OD600. The strain A6 degraded 14.8% metribuzin out of the provided concentration of 50 ppm by following the deamination pathway. While the isolates B3 and C1 degraded 23.2% and 33.9% clodinafop, MCPA and bromo-xynil, respectively, at a spiking concentration of 50ppm. The clodinafop, MCPA and Bromoxynil were metabolized into less toxic products i.e., dicarboxylic acids and 2-methyl phenol respectively, and metabolized via decarboxylation and dehalogenation mechanism. The present study evaluates the herbicides degrading bacterial strains that could potentially be used for bioremediation of agricultural contaminated sites.
