Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and myopathy in patients post-COVID-19 infection.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), caused by the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), has become a life-threatening epidemic, affecting multiple organs, including the nervous system. Recent studies have documented that COVID-19-associated peripheral neuropathy is a common and frequent problem, with central and peripheral nervous system complications. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to evaluate the peripheral nerves and muscle involvement after COVID-19 infection, in addition to studying the prevalence rate and risk factors of their affection. METHODS: The study involved 400 patients, divided into 2 groups, with a history of COVID-19 infection with or without symptoms of neuromuscular affection, and 30 gender- and age-matched healthy volunteers were involved as controls. They were referred to the Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation for electro-diagnosis. All participants performed complete clinical examination and laboratory measures with an electrophysiological study. RESULTS: The prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and myopathy in post-COVID-19 patients was 56.3% among all patients. A significant difference was detected among patients of both groups regarding serum creatine phosphokinase level, clinical signs, and electrophysiologic findings of neuropathy and myopathy compared to the control group, with more prominent features among the symptomatic group. Histories of hospitalization, severe and long-lasting respiratory symptoms were risk factors for developing neuromuscular complications. CONCLUSIONS: The present study could indicate that muscle involvement and peripheral nerve affection are common problems even among asymptomatic patients after COVID-19 infection, especially in the presence of any risk factors.

The AMPK modulator metformin as adjunct to methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A proof-of-concept, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Metformin (MET) may exert anti-rheumatic effects and reduce cartilage degradation through its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory actions. METHODS: This was a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 120 adult patients with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) were randomized to receive MET (1000 mg) or placebo daily with methotrexate (MTX, 7.5 mg/week) for 12 weeks. American College of Rheumatology (ACR)20, ACR50, and ACR70 response rates, Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS-28), and drug safety were the efficacy endpoints. Serum levels of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, NF-κB, TGG-ß1, MDA together with gene expression of AMPK and IGF-IR were assessed before and after the therapy. RESULTS: A total of 80.8% of the patients in the MET group, compared with 54.7% in placebo group, met the criteria of ACR20 response after 12 weeks (P = 0.001). Statistically significant enhancements in the DAS28-3 (CRP) were observed after 4 and 8 weeks for the MET group compared with placebo and were sustained after 12 weeks. MET group showed statistically significant increase in percentage of patients achieving DAS remission after 12 weeks (P = 0.015). Significant improvements in ACR50, ACR70, Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and DAS28-3 (CRP) were also reported. MET was well-tolerated, and no serious adverse effects were reported in both groups. Furthermore, the MET group was superior in improving the measured parameters compared to the placebo. CONCLUSIONS: MET improved the anti-rheumatic effect of MTX; suggesting it to be a beneficial adjuvant in patients with RA. Trial registration ID: NCT04068246.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Intra-articular Injections of Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and its Impact on Inflammatory Cytokines, Disease Activity and Quality of Life.

BACKGROUND: Among rheumatoid arthritis patients (RA), general disease activity is well regulated by disease-modifying anti-rheumatic medications (DMARDS), but sometimes local inflammation still persists among a few joints. Adjuvant modern molecular interventions as Platelet Rich Plasma (PRP) with a suggested down regulating effect on inflammatory mediators has a proven effect in the management of RA. We aim to evaluate the therapeutic effect of intra-articular PRP versus steroid in RA patients and their impact on inflammatory cytokines IL1B, TNF α, local joint inflammation, disease activity and quality of life (QL). METHODS: Open-labeled parallel randomized control clinical trial was carried out on 60 RA patients randomly divided into 2 groups, Group 1: included 30 patients received 3 intra-articular injections of PRP at a monthly interval, Group 2: included 30 patients received single intra-articular injection of steroid. They were subjected to clinical, laboratory, serum IL1B and TNF α assessment at baseline and at 3, and 6 months post injection. RESULTS: Patients of both groups showed improvements in their scores of evaluating tools at 3months post injection and this improvement was persistent in the PRP group up to 6 months post injection while it was continued only for 3 months in the steroid group. CONCLUSION: PRP is a safe, effective and useful therapy in treating RA patients who had an insufficient response and persistent pain and inflammation in just one or two joints through its down regulating effect on inflammatory cytokines IL1B, TNF α with subsequent improvement of local joint inflammation, disease activity and QL.

A comparative study on the anti-inflammatory effect of angiotensin-receptor blockers & statins on rheumatoid arthritis disease activity.

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: : Rheumatoid artherits (RA) is a refractory disease and the imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in favor of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated in pathogenesis of RA. In this context, the aim of the present study was to compare the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of candesartan, an angiotensin-receptor blocker, and atorvastatin in RA patients. METHODS: : In this single-blinded parallel randomized placebo controlled study, the patients recruited between December 2017 and May 2018 were categorized into three groups: group 1 included 15 RA patients who served as control group and received traditional therapy (+ placebo); group 2 included 15 RA patients who received traditional therapy + candesartan (8 mg/day); and group 3 included 15 patients who received traditional therapy + atorvastatin (20 mg/day) for three months. Clinical status in RA patients was evaluated by Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28), Health Assessment Questionnaire-Disability Index (HAQ-DI) and morning stiffness before and three months after treatment. All groups were subjected to biochemical analysis of C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß) and malondialdehyde (MDA) before and three months after treatment. RESULTS: : Both candesartan and atorvastatin treated groups showed significant decrease in serum levels IL-1ß and TNF-α, acute-phase reactants (CRP and ESR), number of swollen joint and patient global assessment. This was also associated with improvement in disease activity and quality of life regarding DAS28 and HAQ-DI as compared to baseline data and the control group. Atorvastatin group showed significant decrease in the serum level of oxidative stress marker (MDA). INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS: : Both candesartan and atorvastatin showed anti-inflammatory effect and immunomodulatory effects leading to improvement in clinical status and disease activity in RA patients. However, atorvastatin was superior to candesartan through its anti-oxidant effect.

Interleukin-17A biomarker as a predictor for detection of early axial spondyloarthritis changes in patients with psoriasis.

AIM: Although the pathogenic mechanisms of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are not completely clarified, evidence suggests that interleukin 17A (IL-17A)-mediated immune responses play a pivotal role in the disease. This is best underscored by the important clinical effectiveness of IL-17A inhibitors in psoriasis treatment. We aim to investigate the predictive value of IL-17A in detecting the early axial spondyloarthropic (SpA) changes in psoriatic patients. METHODS: The study enrolled 100 patients with psoriasis, classified into group 1, included 62 patients with only psoriatic skin lesions (Ps), and group 2 included 38 patients with PsA, and 100 age and gender matched healthy volunteers. All participants were subjected to general and local clinical examination, laboratory assessment including IL-17A in the serum by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and axial joint radiological assessment. RESULTS: Our study included 60 males (60%) and 40 females (40%).The positive radiological findings of early axial SpA changes were found among 30.6% of the Ps group and among 84.2% of the PsA group. There were significant differences between patients with positive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of early axial SpA and patients with negative MRI findings in both groups regarding IL-17A levels. There was a significant association between IL-17A level and early axial SpA changes in psoriatic patients with a clear cutoff point (222.5). CONCLUSION: Our study can imply that IL-17A is a valuable, useful and low-cost biomarker in detecting early axial SpA changes in asymptomatic and nonradiographic axial SpA (nr-axial SpA) psoriatic patients that helps early management and prevent progressive axial involvement and disabilities.