RESUMO
Lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels from preexisting ones, is an important process in wound-healing physiology. Deregulation of lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic vascular remodeling have been implicated in a range of inflammatory conditions, such as lymphedema, lymphadenopathy, tumor growth, and cancer metastasis. Any attempt in understanding various parameters of the lymphangiogenic process and developing desirable therapeutic targets requires recapitulating these conditions in in vivo models. One pitfall with some experimental models is the absence of immune response, an important regulatory factor for lymphangiogenesis. We overcome this issue by using immune competent mice. In this chapter, by using Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2), a protein that belongs to the Ang/Tie signaling pathway, we describe the ear sponge assay with important adaptations, highlighting a reproducible and quantitative tool for assessment of in vivo lymphangiogenesis.
Assuntos
Bioensaio/métodos , Orelha/fisiopatologia , Linfangiogênese/fisiologia , Vasos Linfáticos/fisiologia , Angiopoietina-2/genética , Animais , Orelha/cirurgia , Humanos , Imunidade/imunologia , Imunidade/fisiologia , Linfangiogênese/genética , Linfangiogênese/imunologia , Vasos Linfáticos/imunologia , Camundongos , Transdução de Sinais/genética , Remodelação Vascular/genética , Remodelação Vascular/imunologia , Remodelação Vascular/fisiologia , Cicatrização/genética , Cicatrização/fisiologiaRESUMO
The small GTPase RhoA participates in actin and microtubule machinery, cell migration and invasion, gene expression, vesicular trafficking and cell cycle, and its dysregulation is a determining factor in many pathological conditions. Similar to other Rho GTPases, RhoA is a key component of the wound-healing process, regulating the activity of different participating cell types. RhoA gets activated upon binding to guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), which catalyze the exchange of guanosine diphosphate (GDP) for guanosine triphosphate (GTP). GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) mediate the exchange of GTP to GDP, inactivating RhoA, whereas guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitors (GDIs) preserve the inactive pool of RhoA proteins in the cytosol. RhoA and Rho GEF activation is detected by protein pull-down assays, which use chimeric proteins with Rhotekin and G17A mutant RhoA as "bait" to pull down active RhoA and RhoA GEFs, respectively. In this chapter, we describe an optimized protocol for performing RhoA and GEF pull-down assays.
Assuntos
Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/genética , Biologia Molecular/métodos , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Proteínas Ativadoras de GTPase/isolamento & purificação , Guanosina Difosfato/genética , Guanosina Trifosfato/genética , Humanos , Ligação Proteica/genética , Fatores de Troca de Nucleotídeo Guanina Rho/genética , Fatores de Troca de Nucleotídeo Guanina Rho/isolamento & purificação , Proteína rhoA de Ligação ao GTP/isolamento & purificaçãoRESUMO
Angiopoietins 1-4 (Ang1-4) represent an important family of growth factors, whose activities are mediated through the tyrosine kinase receptors, Tie1 and Tie2. The best characterized are angiopoietin-1 (Ang1) and angiopoietin-2 (Ang2). Ang1 is a potent angiogenic growth factor signaling through Tie2, whereas Ang2 was initially identified as a vascular disruptive agent with antagonistic activity through the same receptor. Recent data demonstrates that Ang2 has context-dependent agonist activities. Ang2 plays important roles in physiological processes and the deregulation of its expression is characteristic of several diseases. In this review, we summarize the activity of Ang2 on blood and lymphatic endothelial cells, its significance in human physiology and disease, and provide a current view of the molecular signaling pathways regulated by Ang2 in endothelial cells.
