Percutaneous reduction and screw fixation for all types of intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

INTRODUCTION: This study compares the outcomes of consecutive of patients with Sanders II and III and IV calcaneal fractures that were stabilized by either close reduction and internal fixation (CRIF) or open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Group I (N = 49) underwent close reduction internal fixation (CRIF). Group II (N = 39) underwent open reduction internal fixation (ORIF). The clinical outcomes included time to operation, operative duration, visual analog score (VAS), length of hospital stay, wound-related complications and AOFAS SF-36 score. Preoperative and postoperative radiographic measures also were compared. RESULTS: The duration of operation in the CRIF group was considerably shorter than in ORIF group (P = 0.0001). Postoperatively, at seventh day, the VAS in the CRIF group (4.2 ± 1.1) was meaningfully lower than those of the ORIF patients group (4.7 ± 1.2, P = 0.04). Totally, the prevalence of wound complications in CRIF group was significantly lower than in ORIF group. In final follow-up visit after one year, AOFAS scores and SF-36 scores between groups were comparable. Comparable radiographic measures were found in both groups. There was no significant difference between groups regarding preoperative radiographic measures (P > 0.05), while in postoperative imaging acceptable calcaneal fracture reduction was found in both groups. CONCLUSION: We believed that for treatment of various types of calcaneal fracture compared with ORIF the percutaneous reduction and screw fixation may lead to shorter hospital stay, decreased subtalar joint stiffness and earlier weight bearing along with much favorable patients' satisfaction.

Prevalence of Hepatitis B virus between Qeshm Island people in 2013-2014, Iran.

Introduction: About 1/ 3 of the world crowd (2 billion) suffers from HBV infection. 15 to 40% of Hepatitis B cases develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Considering the dangerous complication of the illness and the evidence that the prevalence is different in various areas of the country, this research was directed with the purpose of determining the currency of the Hepatitis B between Qeshm Island crowds. Method: This cross-partial research was directed on 1500 cases. The sampling procedure was the stratify-cluster organization. Later creating the checklist, including the demographic information and risk factors, blood cases were formed. ELISA system evaluated the currency of HBsAg. At the end, the mathematical studies were conducted by applying the mathematical Plans for software of Social Sciences (SPSS) system issue 16.0. The information were investigated by Chi-square and detailed mathematical exams. Result: The overall currency of HBsAg positivity was 1%, 0.8%, and 1.1% between male and female, individually. The middle age of members was 30.07 years old. Virus was more currency in married persons, students, lower than in 15-years-old educated people and persons who had a past of vaccination and transfusion. The currency of Hepatitis B in people who had a past of sex and substance infusion was zero. Finally, the finding of the research showed that none of the investigated factors was associated with the prevalence of HBsAg. Conclusion: It appears that the currency of HBV virus in Qeshm is slightly lower than that of the public.

Prevalence of HIV disease between Qeshm Island people during 2013-2014, Iran.

Introduction: Got safe loss syndrome (HIV) is represented with a variety of disorders of cellular and humoral immune dysfunction caused with personal immunodeficiency disease (HIV) infection. Immune deficiency caused by HIV, leads to opportunistic diseases & certainly the progression of the infections cause the patient's death. That is why we chose to realize this research, to assess the prevalence of HIV among the Qeshm Island inhabitants. Materials and Method: The cross-sectional research did carry on 1500 subjects. The sampling approach is the stratify-cluster compound. Ten head-clusters were randomly selected from each center and individuals are received from within the blocks. Later developing the questionnaire, including demographic the information and danger agents, gore examples are captured from the brachial vein. The currency of HIV-Ab is assessed with the approach of ELISA. Indeed, the actuarial studies are performed with applying the actuarial Plan for public Sciences software (SPSS) program issue 16.0. The information is examined with Chi-square and detailed actuarial trial. Results: The all over the currency of HIV disease is zero. Of the members in the examination, 511 (34.1%) are men and 989 (65.9%) were women. This age of mediocre is 32.6 years. 88% and 12% of the individuals were married and single, respectively. The training plane of maximum cases (66%) was the degree diploma. In terms of location, mostly subjects (75.2%) lived into the village region. 136 (7.9%) had a history of travelling abroad and none of the subjects did not report a history of running away from home. Conclusion: The most of the subjects lived in the rural area and were married women with high school education. Although there were cases that had records of sexually spread illnesses (STD) or tattoos, HIV prevalence was zero. This gives hope to the health of our society Regarding HIV disease.

Scaling and unified characterization of flow instabilities in layered heterogeneous porous media.

The physics of miscible flow displacements with unfavorable mobility ratios through horizontal layered heterogeneous media is investigated. The flow model is solved numerically, and the effects of various physical parameters such as the injection velocity, diffusion, viscosity, and the heterogeneity length scale and variance are examined. The flow instability is characterized qualitatively through concentration contours as well as quantitatively through the mixing zone length and the breakthrough time. This characterization allowed us to identify four distinct regimes that govern the flow displacement. Furthermore, a scaling of the model resulted in generalized curves of the mixing zone length for any flow scenario in which the first three regimes of diffusion, channeling, and lateral dispersion superpose into a single unifying curve and allowed us to clearly identify the onset of the fourth regime. A critical effective Péclet number w_{c} based on the layers' width is proposed to identify flows where heterogeneity effects are expected to be important and those where the flow can be safely treated as homogeneous. A similar scaling of the breakthrough time was obtained and allowed us to identify two optimal effective Péclet numbers w_{opt} that result in the longest and shortest breakthrough times for any flow displacement.

Stability of double-diffusive double-convective miscible displacements in porous media.

The present study offers a paradigm on the stability of two-component miscible displacements in a homogeneous porous medium. The components have, in general, different mobility ratios, may diffuse at different rates, and are convected at different speeds. As a result, one of the components may lag behind the other. For the adopted transport models, it is found that the differences in the rates of diffusion and the lag between the two component fronts resulting from the differences in the speeds of convection can modify radically the instability characteristics. In particular, an unstable single-component displacement is always made more unstable by the presence of a second unfavorable component. The instability of the same flow is, on the other hand, attenuated by the presence of a favorable, less diffusive lagging component. However, this same flow instability can actually be enhanced when the favorable lagging second component is more diffusive. Furthermore, the larger the lag between the two components is, the more unstable the flow is when the lagging component is favorable to the displacement. An opposite trend is found when the the lagging component is unfavorable to the displacement. Finally, changes due to the lag between the two components fronts are stronger for a less diffusive lagging component and weaker for a more diffusive one. For illustration, these results are discussed in the special context of a thermal displacement where mass and heat are transported in the porous media.

Epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Isfahan, Iran.

BACKGROUND: Few studies are carried out on the epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in Middle East with no reports from Iran. OBJECTIVE: To determine the epidemiological and clinical features of ALS amongst the Iranian population living in Isfahan, Iran. METHODS: Medical records of all hospitals with a neurology department and outpatient neurology clinics in Isfahan province from 2002 to 2006 were reviewed, and all patients with the diagnosis of ALS according to El Escorial diagnostic criteria were extracted and related demographic and clinical data were gathered and analyzed. RESULTS: We found 98 new patients (66 men and 32 women) with definite, probable, or possible ALS. The average annual incidence was 0.42/100,000, with the highest incidence rate amongst those aged 70-74. On 21 March 2006, the crude prevalence was 1.57/100,000. Median survival from onset was 48 months (95% confidence interval 34-61) and survival rates for 1, 3,and 5 years after the onset were 94%, 66%, and 32%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence and prevalence of ALS in the Iranian population seems to be lower compared to other populations and the survival of patients was longer than previously reported.

Morpho-histological study of kidney in farmed juvenile beluga, Huso huso (Linnaeus, 1758).

In this study, structure, size and distribution of nephron cells on kidney in Huso huso were investigated. The head, body and caudal part of kidney in juvenile Huso huso were sampled: The kidney of Huso huso consisted of glomerulus, proximal, distal and collecting tubule cells. The average area in 1- and 2-year-old sturgeon were 2718.07 +/- 1387.51 and 2793.89 +/- 1348 microm in proximal cells, 2678.80 +/- 1249.12 and 2599.98 +/- 1428.13 microm in distal cells, 2275.44 +/- 1289.52 and 2312.23 +/- 1629.58 microm in collecting tubule cells, 4359.8 +/- 1573.59 and 5071.04 +/- 1916.87 microm in glomerulus and 6019.68 +/- 1800.55 and 8307.49 +/- 2073.53 microm in Bowman's capsule, respectively. Average long and small diameter in 1 and 2 year were 68.03 +/- 17.82 and 49.94 +/- 12.73, 63.29 +/- 16.15 and 45.58 +/- 12.46 microm in proximal cells, 63.25 +/- 16.01 and 44.3 +/- 15.09, 63.514 +/- 15.25 and 45.46 +/- 13.3 microm in distal cells, 51.9 +/- 13.04 and 40.54 +/- 12.21, 57.08 +/- 16.7 and 45.53 +/- 15.28 microm in the collecting tubule cells, 91.18 +/- 17.93 and 68.72 +/- 16.22, 98.7 +/- 21.85 and 72.24 +/- 17.48 microm in glomerulus and 99.32 +/- 19.82 and 76.45 +/- 1896, 125.44 +/- 24.93 and 93.85 +/- 24.78 microm in Bowman's capsule, respectively. In all cases no statistically significant difference detected in the measured cells among 1- and 2-year-old fishes. Morpho-histological pattern of kidney can be developed on the basis of size, feature and distribution of cells in farmed Sturgeon.

Inferior turbinate fracture and congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the success rate of probing combined with inferior turbinate fracture in comparison with simple probing as a first attempt in the treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in children. METHODS: In a prospective interventional case-control study, 86 eyes from 61 children older than 6 months with congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction underwent surgical intervention. Forty-two eyes of 33 patients underwent probing combined with infracturing of the inferior turbinate and 44 eyes of 28 patients underwent simple probing. The outcome evaluation included a standard ophthalmologic examination plus a dye disappearance test 2 months after the surgical intervention. RESULTS: In the case group (probing + infracture of the inferior turbinate), the results were good in 22 (66.7%) patients, fair in 8 (24.2%), and poor in 3 (9.1%). In the control group (simple probing), the results were good in 20 (71.4%) patients, fair in 3 (10.7%), and poor in 5 (17.9%) (p=0.9). Success rates were 91% and 82% in the case and control groups, respectively (p=0.4). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of this study, infracturing of the inferior turbinate does not increase the success rate of simple probing as a first attempt.