RESUMO
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal malignant disease. It is well known that the relationship between PC and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complicated bidirectional relationship. The most important factors causing increased risks of pancreatic cancer are hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, pancreatitis, and dyslipidemia. Genetics and the immune system also play an important role in the relationship between diabetes mellitus and pancreatic cancer. The primary contributors to this association involve insulin resistance and inflammatory processes within the tumour microenvironment. The combination of diabetes and obesity can contribute to PC by inducing hyperinsulinemia and influencing leptin and adiponectin levels. Given the heightened incidence of pancreatic cancer in diabetes patients compared to the general population, early screening for pancreatic cancer is recommended. Diabetes negatively impacts the survival of pancreatic cancer patients. Among patients receiving chemotherapy, it reduced their survival. The implementation of a healthy lifestyle, including weight management, serves as an initial preventive measure to mitigate the risk of disease development. The role of anti-diabetic drugs on survival is controversial; however, metformin may have a positive impact, especially in the early stages of cancer, while insulin therapy increases the risk of PC.
RESUMO
Waste valorization of spent wastewater nanoadsorbents is a promising technique to support the circular economy strategies. The terrible rise of heavy metal pollution in the environment is considered a serious threat to the terrestrial and aquatic environment. This led to the necessity of developing cost-effective, operation-convenient, and recyclable adsorbents. ZnCoFe mixed metal oxide (MMO) was synthesized using co-precipitation. The sample was characterized using X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Factors affecting the adsorption process such as pH, the dose of adsorbent, and time were investigated. ZnCoFe MMO showed the maximum adsorption capacity of 118.45 mg/g for ceftriaxone sodium. The spent MMO was recycled as an adsorbent for malachite green (MG) removal. Interestingly, the spent adsorbent showed 94% removal percent for MG as compared to the fresh MMO (90%). The kinetic investigation of the adsorption process was performed and discussed. In addition, ZnCoFe MMO was tested as an antimicrobial agent. The proposed approach opens up a new avenue for recycling wastes after adsorption into value-added materials for utilization in adsorbent production with excellent performance as antimicrobial agents.
RESUMO
Escaping antitumor immunity is a hallmark in cancer progression. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is an immune checkpoint receptor responsible for the maintenance of immune tolerance; PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) is overexpressed in tumor cells, simplifying their escape from the immune system through T-cell function suppression. Notwithstanding that cancer antigen (CA)125, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CA15-3, and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) are among conventional breast cancer diagnostic biomarkers, their lack of sensitivity and specificity resides among their major limitations. Furthermore, human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER)2 and interleukin (IL)-6-demonstrated as breast cancer immune biomarkers-still possess limitations, for instance, technical detection problems and stability problems, which necessitate the discovery of novel, stable non-invasive cancer immune biomarkers. XIST and TSIX are two long non-coding (lnc)RNAs possessing a role in X chromosome inactivation (XCI) as well as in breast cancer (BC). In the present study, they were investigated as stable non-invasive breast cancer immune biomarkers. The study demonstrated that PD-L1 was overexpressed in the different molecular subtypes of breast cancer patients as well as in MDA-MB-231 cells. Furthermore, lncRNAs XIST and TSIX were markedly increased in the tissues, lymph nodes, and different body fluids of breast cancer patients compared to controls. In addition, XIST and TSIX were differentially expressed in subtypes of BC patients, and their levels were correlated to PD-L1 expression level. In conclusion, this correlative study has shed light on the role of both lncRNAs XIST and TSIX as potential non-invasive BC immune biomarkers reflecting the evaded immune system of the patient and overcoming the instability problem of common BC biomarkers.
